Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment
Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment
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DOI：
10.1017/s0959270912000020
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发表时间：
2012-03-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Taylor, Phil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Croxall, John P.;Butchart, Stuart H. M.;Taylor, Phil
我们审查的保护状况，威胁，所有346种海鸟，根据国际鸟盟的数据和评估2010年世界自然保护联盟红色名录。我们表明，总体而言，海鸟比其他同类鸟类更受威胁，近几十年来，它们的状况恶化得更快。目前海上的主要威胁是商业渔业（通过竞争和渔具的死亡率）和污染，而在陆地上，外来入侵捕食者、生境退化和人类干扰是主要威胁。直接开发仍然是海洋和岸上一些鱼种的一个问题。需要采取的优先行动包括：a）作为国家、区域和全球海洋保护区网络的一部分，正式和有效地保护地点，特别是重要鸟类区繁殖地点和海洋重要鸟类区觅食和聚集地点; B）清除外来入侵物种，特别是掠夺性物种（提供了一份优先地点清单），作为生境和物种恢复举措的一部分;以及c）将副渔获物减少到微不足道的水平，作为全面实施渔业生态系统方法的一部分。主要的知识差距和研究重点与上述三个专题有关，但需要就水产养殖、能源生产作业和气候变化的影响（特别是对被捕食物种分布和海平面上升的影响）开展新的工作。我们总结了相关的国家和国际司法责任，特别是在地方性和全球受威胁物种方面。
We review the conservation status of, and threats to, all 346 species of seabirds, based on BirdLife International's data and assessments for the 2010 IUCN Red List. We show that overall, seabirds are more threatened than other comparable groups of birds and that their status has deteriorated faster over recent decades. The principal current threats at sea are posed by commercial fisheries (through competition and mortality on fishing gear) and pollution, whereas on land, alien invasive predators, habitat degradation and human disturbance are the main threats. Direct exploitation remains a problem for some species both at sea and ashore. The priority actions needed involve: a) formal and effective site protection, especially for Important Bird Area (IBA) breeding sites and for marine IBA feeding and aggregation sites, as part of national, regional and global networks of Marine Protected Areas; b) removal of invasive, especially predatory, alien species (a list of priority sites is provided), as part of habitat and species recovery initiatives; and c) reduction of bycatch to negligible levels, as part of comprehensive implementation of ecosystem approaches to fisheries. The main knowledge gaps and research priorities relate to the three topics above but new work is needed on impacts of aquaculture, energy generation operations and climate change (especially effects on the distribution of prey species and rise in sea level). We summarise the relevant national and international jurisdictional responsibilities, especially in relation to endemic and globally threatened species.