Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems.
Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems.
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2008.0222
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发表时间：
2009-06-27
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rooney N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Olff H;Alonso D;Berg MP;Eriksson BK;Loreau M;Piersma T;Rooney N
在生态系统中，物种与其他物种直接或通过非生物因素以多种方式相互作用，往往形成各种类型生态相互作用的复杂网络。在这一系列的相互作用中，捕食者-猎物的相互作用受到了最多的关注。然而，由此产生的食物网将始终与基于其他类型生态相互作用的网络同时运行，例如通过生态系统工程师的活动或互惠互利的相互作用。对于如何分类、组织和量化这些其他生态网络及其相互作用，人们知之甚少。本文的目的是为如何理解和模拟许多不同类型的生态相互作用同时运作的生态系统提供新的和可测试的想法。为了解决这个问题，我们首先确定了在生态系统中运作的六种主要的相互作用类型，其中食物网的相互作用是其中之一。然后，我们提出食物网是在两个主要的组织轴之间构建的：一个垂直的（经典的）轴代表营养位置，一个新的水平的“生态化学计量”轴代表植物部分和碎屑对食草动物和食草动物的可食性下降，以及更慢的周转时间。这些新想法的实用性，然后探索了三个非常不同的生态系统作为测试案例：温带潮间带泥滩；温带短草草原；还有热带草原。
In ecosystems, species interact with other species directly and through abiotic factors in multiple ways, often forming complex networks of various types of ecological interaction. Out of this suite of interactions, predator–prey interactions have received most attention. The resulting food webs, however, will always operate simultaneously with networks based on other types of ecological interaction, such as through the activities of ecosystem engineers or mutualistic interactions. Little is known about how to classify, organize and quantify these other ecological networks and their mutual interplay. The aim of this paper is to provide new and testable ideas on how to understand and model ecosystems in which many different types of ecological interaction operate simultaneously. We approach this problem by first identifying six main types of interaction that operate within ecosystems, of which food web interactions are one. Then, we propose that food webs are structured among two main axes of organization: a vertical (classic) axis representing trophic position and a new horizontal ‘ecological stoichiometry’ axis representing decreasing palatability of plant parts and detritus for herbivores and detrivores and slower turnover times. The usefulness of these new ideas is then explored with three very different ecosystems as test cases: temperate intertidal mudflats; temperate short grass prairie; and tropical savannah.
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