Inequality in emerging countries: Trends, interpretations, and implications for development and poverty reduction
Inequality in emerging countries: Trends, interpretations, and implications for development and poverty reduction
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新兴国家的不平等：趋势、解释以及对发展和减贫的影响
DOI：
10.1007/s10272-009-0317-8
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Stephan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klasen;Stephan
许多国家的教育回报率不断上升，政策改革加剧了不平等，许多国家未能发展落后的农业部门，而大多数穷人（仍然）生活在农业部门。如图1所示，自20世纪80年代以来，中国的不平等程度（从很低的水平）上升得非常强劲，印度的不平等程度（从中等水平）上升得相当大，巴西的不平等程度（从很高的水平）也有所上升。许多研究表明，2中国不平等的加剧在很大程度上是由于城乡之间不平等的加剧，部分与省际不平等的加剧以及中国逐步融入世界经济有关。同样在印度，不平等加剧的原因是较富裕邦的增长速度高于平均水平，以及城乡差距不断扩大。[3]在巴西，1980年代不平等的加剧更多地是由于教育不平等的加剧和高通货膨胀的反穷人偏见。[4]但是，尽管中国的不平等继续呈现上升趋势，印度也日益如此，但我们看到巴西的不平等自20世纪90年代中期以来显著下降，降至20世纪80年代初的普遍水平。图1清楚地表明，尽管巴西的不平等程度有所下降，但仍比中国和印度大得多，但1960年至1990年期间，基尼系数下降5个点（从约0.62降至约0.57）的情况在发展中国家非常罕见。1920年至1960年期间，工业化国家也出现了类似的下降速度，不平等程度在很长一段时间内显著下降，基尼系数在20世纪60年代和70年代的30年代达到了欧洲的特点。虽然巴西在这一下降方面特别值得注意，主要是因为它开始得相对较早，而且持续了相当长的时间，但我们现在已经有了一个新的增长点。
many countries, rising returns to education, inequality-enhancing policy reforms and the failure in many countries to develop the lagging agricultural sector, in which the majority of the poor are (still) to be found. The countries of focus here, India, China, and Brazil, fit nicely into this overall trend. As shown in Figure 1, inequality has risen very strongly in China (from a very low level), considerably in India (from a moderate level), and moderately in Brazil (from a very high level) since the 1980s. As shown in many studies, 2 the rise in inequality in China is, to a large extent, due to the rise in inequality between urban and rural areas, linked partly to rising inter-provincial inequality and to China’s progressive integration into the world economy. Also in India, the inequality increase was driven by faster than average growth in the richer states and rising ruralurban disparities. 3 In Brazil, the rise in inequality in the 1980s was driven more by rising educational inequality and the anti-poor bias of high inflation. 4But while inequality continues to show an upward trend in China, and increasingly so in India, we see a significant decline in inequality since the mid-1990s in Brazil, to levels that prevailed in the early 1980s. While Figure 1 clearly shows that Brazil’s inequality, despite this decline, is still much larger than that in China or India, a reduction of the Gini coefficient by 5 points (from about 0.62 to about 0.57) very rarely happened anywhere in the developing world between 1960 and 1990. A similar pace of decline could be observed in the industrialised countries between 1920 and 1960, where inequality fell significantly over a very long timehorizon, reaching the Gini coefficients in the low 30s that characterised Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. While Brazil is particularly noteworthy for this decline, mainly because it started relatively early and was sustained over a rather long time-period, we now have ev-