The 1877-1878 El NiA±o episode: associated impacts in South America
The 1877-1878 El NiA±o episode: associated impacts in South America
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DOI：
10.1007/s10584-008-9470-5
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发表时间：
2009-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Falvey, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aceituno, Patricio;del Rosario Prieto, Maria;Falvey, Mark
当人们对气候问题的注意力主要集中在评估由于全球温室效应加剧而造成的未来气候变化的潜在影响时，或许有必要回顾和探讨过去气候变异的后果。在这篇文章中，我们研究了发生在1877-1878年期间的全球气候大破坏，当时人类的影响可以忽略不计。解释这种全球扰动的机制还没有很好地建立起来，但有相当多的证据表明，1876年底开始并在1877-1878年北方冬季达到顶峰的主要厄尔尼诺+/- o事件对它有很大的影响。相关的区域气候异常具有极大的破坏性，特别是在北方半球，亚洲的严重干旱导致了饥荒，东南亚和非洲夺走了2 000多万人的生命。在南美洲，区域性降水异常是厄尔尼诺+/-厄尔尼诺事件的典型特征，大陆北方以及巴西东北部和安第斯山脉中部高地（Altiplano）出现降雨不足和干旱。相反，厄瓜多尔南部和PerA（o）北方沿海地区、美洲大陆外热带西海岸沿着（智利中部，南纬30 A-40 A）以及东南部地区的巴拉那盆地报告了异常强烈的降雨和洪水。到目前为止，就痛苦和生命损失而言，最具破坏性的影响发生在巴西东北部的半干旱地区，在1877年开始的干旱期间，数十万人死于饥饿和疾病。
At times when attention on climate issues is strongly focused on the assessment of potential impacts of future climate change due to the intensification of the planetary greenhouse effect, it is perhaps pertinent to look back and explore the consequences of past climate variability. In this article we examine a large disruption in global climate that occurred during 1877-1878, when human influence was negligible. The mechanisms explaining this global disturbance are not well established, but there is considerable evidence that the major El NiA +/- o episode that started by the end of 1876 and peaked during the 1877-1878 boreal winter contributed significantly to it. The associated regional climate anomalies were extremely destructive, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, where starvation due to intense droughts in Asia, South-East Asia and Africa took the lives of more than 20 million people. In South America regional precipitation anomalies were typical of El NiA +/- o events, with rainfall deficit and droughts in the northern portion of the continent as well as in northeast Brazil and the highlands of the central Andes (Altiplano). In contrast, anomalously intense rainfall and flooding episodes were reported for the coastal areas of southern Ecuador and Northern PerA(o), as well as along the extratropical West coast of the continent (central Chile, 30A degrees S-40A degrees A S), and in the Parana basin in the southeast region. By far the most devastating impacts in terms of suffering and loss of life occurred in the semiarid region of northeast Brazil where several hundreds of thousands of people died from starvation and diseases during the drought that started in 1877.