Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient
Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient
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DOI：
10.1177/0963721411421922
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发表时间：
2011-10-01
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Gobet, Fernand
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Campitelli, Guillermo;Gobet, Fernand
当一个人为了提高成绩而故意重复某项活动时，就会出现刻意练习(DP)。DP框架的主张是，这种行为对于实现高水平的专家绩效是必要的。该框架的支持者拒绝接受其他变量也是实现高水平专家业绩所必需的证据，或者他们声称这些变量与专家业绩之间的关系是由DP调节的。因此，发展计划框架还意味着发展计划足以实现高水平的专家业绩。我们通过回顾有关国际象棋专业知识的研究来检验这些说法。我们发现强有力的证据表明，充足的DP是必要的(但不是充分的)，并估计达到大师水平的最低要求是3,000小时的DP。我们还回顾了其他因素在国际象棋技能中发挥作用的证据：一般认知能力、敏感期、利手和出生季节。
Deliberate practice (DP) occurs when an individual intentionally repeats an activity in order to improve performance. The claim of the DP framework is that such behavior is necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance. The proponents of the framework reject evidence that suggests that other variables are also necessary to achieve high levels of expert performance, or they claim that the relationship between those variables and expert performance is mediated by DP. Therefore, the DP framework also implies that DP is sufficient to achieve high levels of expert performance. We test these claims by reviewing studies on chess expertise. We found strong evidence that abundant DP is necessary (but not sufficient) and estimated that the minimum requirement to achieve master level is 3,000 hours of DP. We also review evidence showing that other factors play a role in chess skill: general cognitive abilities, sensitive period, handedness, and season of birth.