Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain in the European Union.
Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain in the European Union.
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DOI：
10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.004
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Dominguez, Lucas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Florez-Cuadrado, Diego;Moreno, Miguel A;Dominguez, Lucas
消费者需要安全食品，但又不能失去足够的供应和低廉的价格。食品中对抗菌素残留和抗菌素耐药 (AMR) 细菌的担忧通常没有被适当区分，并且可能被视为同一问题。对动物食品中抗菌剂残留的监测在不同层面（农场、屠宰场和工业）都已得到完善，并且先于兽药立法，其中规定了食用动物中使用的药物的最大残留限量。根据世界卫生组织的战略，拟议的措施之一是控制关键抗生素的使用。欧盟监测计划目前包括肉类产量最高的动物物种（猪、鸡、火鸡和牛）及其衍生食品，调查人畜共患病（沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌）和指示菌（大肠杆菌和肠球菌）的抗菌药物耐药性。由基因编码的 AMR 机制对转移的影响比突变更大。有时，这些基因存在于可移动遗传元件中，例如质粒、转座子或整合子，能够通过水平转移从一种细菌传递到另一种细菌。重要的是要知道，根据抵抗机制如何转移，传播的力量是不同的。通过垂直转移，抗性基因，无论其来源如何，都将遗传给后代。在水平转移的情况下，抗性基因转移到邻近的细菌，因此抗性范围可能会更大。
Consumers require safety foods but without losing enough supply and low prices. Food concerns about antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria are not usually appropriately separated and could be perceived as the same problem. The monitoring of residues of antimicrobials in animal food is well established at different levels (farm, slaughterhouse, and industry), and it is preceded by the legislation of veterinary medicines where maximum residues limits are required for medicines to be used in food animal. Following the strategy of the World Health Organization, one of the proposed measures consists in controlling the use of critical antibiotics. The European Union surveillance program currently includes the animal species with the highest meat production (pigs, chickens, turkeys, and cattle) and the food derived from them, investigating antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic (Salmonella and Campylobacter) and indicator (Escherichia coli and enterococci) bacteria. AMR mechanisms encoded by genes have a greater impact on transfer than mutations. Sometimes these genes are found in mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, or integrons, capable of passing from one bacterium to another by horizontal transfer. It is important to know that depending on how the resistance mechanism is transferred, the power of dissemination is different. By vertical transfer of the resistance gene, whatever its origin, will be transmitted to the following generations. In the case of horizontal transfer, the resistance gene moves to neighboring bacteria and therefore the range of resistance can be much greater.