Dynamic relaxation of a levitated nanoparticle from a non-equilibrium steady state
Dynamic relaxation of a levitated nanoparticle from a non-equilibrium steady state
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/nnano.2014.40
复制
发表时间：
2014-05-01
影响因子：
38.3
通讯作者：
Novothy, Lukas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gieseler, Jan;Quidant, Romain;Novothy, Lukas
涨落定理是热力学在小尺度上的推广，为描述非平衡纳米尺度系统中热力学量的涨落提供了工具。它们对于理解基本化学和生物过程中的不可逆性和第二定律特别重要，这些过程是主动驱动的，因此远离热平衡运行。在这里，我们应用波动定理的框架来研究一个系统从非平衡态向平衡态放松的重要情况。使用真空捕获的纳米粒子，我们证明了实验的有效性的波动定理的相对熵变发生在松弛过程中从非平衡稳态。这里建立的平台允许非平衡涨落定理进行实验研究，为任意的稳态，并可以扩展到调查量子涨落定理以及系统，不服从详细的平衡。
Fluctuation theorems are a generalization of thermodynamics on small scales and provide the tools to characterize the fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities in non-equilibrium nanoscale systems. They are particularly important for understanding irreversibility and the second law in fundamental chemical and biological processes that are actively driven, thus operating far from thermal equilibrium. Here, we apply the framework of fluctuation theorems to investigate the important case of a system relaxing from a non-equilibrium state towards equilibrium. Using a vacuum-trapped nanoparticle, we demonstrate experimentally the validity of a fluctuation theorem for the relative entropy change occurring during relaxation from a non-equilibrium steady state. The platform established here allows non-equilibrium fluctuation theorems to be studied experimentally for arbitrary steady states and can be extended to investigate quantum fluctuation theorems as well as systems that do not obey detailed balance.