The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala city, Uganda.
The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala city, Uganda.
复制标题
乌干达坎帕拉市卡威和基塞尼教区受保护泉水的水质。
作者：
R. Haruna;F. Ejobi;E. Kabagambe
背景
在坎帕拉市郊区，泉水是家庭用水的主要来源。虽然泉水被认为是美学上可以接受的家庭使用，存在设计不良的坑式厕所，固体废物管理不善以及穷人和不充分的泉水保护，可能会导致污染的泉水与病原菌。
目标
这项研究的目的是检查坎帕拉Katwe和Kisenyi教区10个泉水的细菌质量，并确定和量化泉水被粪便细菌污染的风险。
方法
在坎帕拉Katwe和Kisenyi教区随机选择的10个泉水中，采用标准化格式进行了横断面卫生风险评估。在二○ ○一年十二月至二○ ○二年三月期间，该署共从这些泉水抽取了八十个样本。对这些样品进行了粪便污染指标分析：总大肠菌群、粪便大肠菌群和粪便链球菌。测定理化参数。
结果
总体定性卫生风险评分从中等到高等不等。其中90%的样本的大肠菌群总数超过世界卫生组织的饮用水标准。所有样本的粪便大肠菌群计数均高于世卫组织的指导方针。一个强相关性（r2= 887）之间的中位数粪便大肠菌群计数和卫生风险评分。60%的样本的硝酸盐含量高于世卫组织建议的限度。氯化物和硝酸盐水平与粪便细菌污染指标水平之间没有相关性。
结论
卫生风险评估评分是预测泉水细菌污染可能水平的可靠工具。研究中的十个受保护的泉水不经处理就不适合饮用。
BACKGROUND
In the sub-urban areas of Kampala city, springs are a major source of water for domestic use. Though spring water is considered to be aesthetically acceptable for domestic use, presence of poorly designed pit latrines, poor solid waste management as well as poor and inadequate spring protection, may lead to contamination of spring water with pathogenic bacteria.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study were to examine the bacteriological quality of water from ten springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes of Kampala, and to identify and quantify risks for spring water contamination with faecal bacteria.
METHODS
A cross-sectional sanitary risk assessment using a standardised format was carried out in ten randomly selected springs in the parishes of Katwe and Kisenyi parishes in Kampala. A total of 80 samples of water from these springs were collected from December 2001 to March 2002. The samples were analysed for indicators of faecal contamination: total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci. Physico-chemical parameters were measured.
RESULTS
Aggregate qualitative sanitary risk scores ranged from medium to high. The total coliform counts in 90% of the samples exceeded the WHO guideline for drinking water. All the samples had faecal coliform counts above the WHO guideline. A strong correlation (r2= 887) was observed between the median faecal coliform counts and the sanitary risk score. Sixty percent of the samples had nitrate levels above the WHO recommended limit. There was no correlation between the levels of chlorides and nitrates and levels of indicators of faecal bacterial contamination.
CONCLUSIONS
The sanitary risk assessment score is a reliable tool for predicting the likely levels of bacterial contamination of spring water. Water from the ten protected springs studied is unsuitable for drinking without treatment.