The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore
The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore
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DOI：
10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Hall, Billy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grove, Morgan;Ogden, Laura;Hall, Billy
社会和环境不公正的遗留问题可能会给现在留下印记，并制约向更可持续的未来过渡。在这篇文章中，我们提出了这样一个问题：环境不平等和种族隔离历史之间的关系是什么？巴尔的摩的答案是复杂的，在那里，过去法律上和事实上的隔离做法创造了社会和环境遗产，在今天的景观中持续存在。为了回答这个问题，我们研究了巴尔的摩从19世纪80年代末到现在的过去和现在的环境不公正之间的相互作用，使用了近20年的社会和环境正义的研究，从巴尔的摩生态系统研究（BES），一个长期的社会生态研究项目。我们的研究表明，在城市的正式和非正式隔离的早期历史的模式和程序，其次是“红线”在20世纪30年代，留下了不可磨灭的社会和环境不平等的模式。这些模式表现在污染工业、城市热岛和易受洪水影响等环境不适感的分布上，也表现在公园和树木等环境舒适感的分布上。此外，我们的工作表明，这些遗产是如何通过改变什么是一个环境的不适和舒适的看法复杂化。最终，我们认为，历史模式，过程和程序之间的相互作用，在长期的理解过去和现在的环境不公正和建设可持续发展的城市的未来是至关重要的。
Legacies of social and environmental injustices can leave an imprint on the present and constrain transitions for more sustainable futures. In this article, we ask this question: What is the relationship of environmental inequality and histories of segregation? The answer for Baltimore is complex, where past practices of de jure and de facto segregation have created social and environmental legacies that persist on the landscape today. To answer this question, we examine the interactions among past and current environmental injustices in Baltimore from the late 1880s to the present using nearly twenty years of social and environmental justice research from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES), a long-term social-ecological research project. Our research demonstrates that patterns and procedures in the city's early history of formal and informal segregation, followed by "redlining" in the 1930s, have left indelible patterns of social and environmental inequalities. These patterns are manifest in the distribution of environmental disamenities such as polluting industries, urban heat islands, and vulnerability to flooding, and they are also evident in the distribution of environmental amenities such as parks and trees. Further, our work shows how these legacies are complicated by changing perceptions of what counts as an environmental disamenity and amenity. Ultimately, we argue that the interactions among historical patterns, processes, and procedures over the long term are crucial for understanding environmental injustices of the past and present and for constructing sustainable cities for the future.