Dosage compensation of the sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Dosage compensation of the sex chromosomes and autosomes.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.013
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发表时间：
2016-08
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Disteche CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Disteche CM
在大多数哺乳动物物种中，雄性是XY，雌性是XX。其他物种如鸟类有不同的性染色体组成：雄性为ZZ，雌性为ZW。在这两种类型的生物体中，性染色体之一Y或W由于缺乏与其各自同源物X或Z的重组而退化。由于常染色体在二倍体生物中以两个拷贝存在，异配子性别已经成为一种自然的“非整倍体”，X或Z连锁基因的单倍不足。特定的机制已经发展到恢复整个基因组中的关键基因产物之间以及男性和女性之间的平衡。这些机制中的一些是从缓解常染色体非整倍性的补偿过程中选出和/或添加的。令人惊讶的是，几种剂量补偿模式已经发展起来。在这篇综述中，我们将考虑剂量补偿的证据和分子机制的牵连。
Males are XY and females are XX in most mammalian species. Other species such as birds have a different sex chromosome make-up: ZZ in males and ZW in females. In both types of organisms one of the sex chromosomes, Y or W, has degenerated due to lack of recombination with its respective homolog X or Z. Since autosomes are present in two copies in diploid organisms the heterogametic sex has become a natural "aneuploid" with haploinsufficiency for X- or Z-linked genes. Specific mechanisms have evolved to restore a balance between critical gene products throughout the genome and between males and females. Some of these mechanisms were co-opted from and/or added to compensatory processes that alleviate autosomal aneuploidy. Surprisingly, several modes of dosage compensation have evolved. In this review we will consider the evidence for dosage compensation and the molecular mechanisms implicated.