Perceived Importance of the Visual Cues to the Timing of the Landing Flare
Perceived Importance of the Visual Cues to the Timing of the Landing Flare
复制标题
视觉提示对着陆耀斑时机的重要性
DOI：
10.15394/jaaer.2005.1512
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Benbassat
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Benbassat
飞行学员面临的fmt障碍之一是着陆照明弹。特别令人关注的是下降速度的最初下降，也称为水平下降。掌握这种机动的时间对于平稳和安全着陆至关重要，但人们对此知之甚少。在两个141部分飞行学校的92名飞行员完成了一份感知问卷，试图进一步探索视觉线索在着陆耀斑定时中的作用。研究结果表明，飞行员很难清晰地表达或识别这些视觉线索。这些发现突出了当前着陆指导的缺点，并强调了从语言教学过渡到非语言教学的必要性。通用航空着陆照明弹定时的重要性是有据可查的。点燃太高或太低的火炬可能会导致结构损坏（Christy，199 1 ; Jorgensen & Schely，1990），甚至会阻止一些学生60 m攻读私人飞行员证书（柯林斯，198 1 ; Ki 1998;马特森，1973）。然而，飞行员控制着陆拉平时间的机制是模棱两可的。本文的目的是研究视觉线索飞行员使用的时间着陆耀斑。科学出版物试图探索着陆耀斑的定时程序过程，虽然深入的讨论超出了本文的范围，但将考虑使用光流和单眼线索。吉布森（1950）和卡尔弗特（1950）首先考虑了光流的概念。当飞机接近跑道时，除了具有零光流膨胀的触地焦点之外，所有东西都以明显的向外运动膨胀（Grosz等人，1995; Thom，1992）。目前的接触时间理论（Grosz等人，一九九五年; Mulder，Pleijsant，货车der Vaart，&货车W i e ~ g e n，2000年）建议飞行员使用这个角膨胀率来估计撞击时间。因此，时间接触理论家认为，飞行员的时间（即，由于感觉到与跑道碰撞的时间而不是由于感觉到的地面以上高度（AGL）（Lee，1976），另一个理论家。表明飞行员由于感知高度AGL而启动拉平。他们认为，当飞机接近跑道时，飞行员会注意到充满深度感知信息的二维线索（Benson，1999）。这些线索被称为单眼线索，至少早在列奥纳多达芬奇就开始研究，以提高二维画布的深度效果。表1总结了飞行员推断高度AGL的单眼线索。JAAER，2005年秋季，第3页1 1 Benzarat：视觉线索对土地时序的感知重要性，由学术共享出版，2005年视觉线索的感知重要性
One of the fmt obstacles that confront student pilots is the landing flare. Of special concern is the initial decrease in rate of descent, also known as the leveloff. The ability to time this maneuver is crucial to a smooth and safe landing, but poorly understood. Ninety-two aviators in two Part 141 flight schools completed a perception questionnaire in the attempt tb further explore the role of visual cues in timing the landing flare. Findings suggest that pilots find it difficult to articulate or identi@ these visual cues. These findings highlight the shortcomings of current landing instruction and emphasize the need to transition from verbal to nonverbal instruction. The importance of timing general aviation landing flares is well documented. Initiating the flare too high or too low may cause structural damage (Christy, 199 1 ; Jorgensen & Schely, 1990) and even discourage some students 6om pursuing the private pilot certificate (Collins, 198 1 ; K i 1998; Matson, 1973). Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which pilots time the landing flare are equivocal. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the visual cues pilots use to time the landing flare. Scientific publications have attempted to explore the procedural process of timing the landing flare, and although an in-depth discussion is beyond the scope of this paper, the use of optic flow and monocular cues will be considered. Gibson (1950) and Calvert (1950) first considered the notion of optic flow. As the aircratt approaches the runway, everything expands in an apparent outward motion with the exception of the touchdown focal point that has an optic flow expansion of zero (Grosz et al., 1995; Thom, 1992). Current time-to-contacttheories (Grosz et al., 1995; Mulder, Pleijsant, van der Vaart, & van W i e ~ g e n , 2000) suggested that pilots use this rate of angular expansion to estimate time of impact. Thus, time-to-contact theorists suggest that pilots time (i.e., initiate) the flare as a result of a perceived timeto-collision with the runway, not as a result of perceived altitude Above Ground Level (AGL) (Lee, 1976). Other theorist. suggest that pilots initiate the flare as a result of perceived altitude AGL. They suggest that as the aircraft approaches the runway, pilots attend to two-dimensional cues laden with depth perception information (Benson, 1999). These cues are known as monocular cues and were studied at least as early as Leonardo Da Vinci to promote the effect of depth in a two-dimensional canvas. Table 1 summarizes monocular cues that pilots ~equently use to infer altitude AGL. JAAER, Fall 2005 Page 3 1 1 Benbassat: Perceived Importance of the Visual Cues to the Timing of the Land Published by Scholarly Commons, 2005 Perceived Importance of Visual Cues