How specialists can be generalists: resolving the "parasite paradox" and implications for emerging infectious disease
How specialists can be generalists: resolving the "parasite paradox" and implications for emerging infectious disease
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DOI：
10.1590/s1984-46702010000200001
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发表时间：
2010-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Brooks, Daniel R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Agosta, Salvatore J.;Janz, Niklas;Brooks, Daniel R.
寄生虫悖论产生于双重观察，寄生虫（广义上的解释，包括植食性昆虫）是资源专家与有限的主机范围，但转移到相对不相关的主机是常见的寄生虫谱系的系统发育多样性和直接观察到的生态时间。我们综合新兴的解决方案，这一悖论：表型的灵活性和系统发育保守性的性状相关的资源利用，根据长期生态拟合分组，在不断变化的环境中快速主机切换提供了大量的机会，在没有新的主机利用能力的演变。我们讨论生态拟合背后的机制，其含义定义专家和通才，并简要回顾了经验的例子，主机转移的背景下，生态拟合。我们的结论是，通过生态拟合主机的变化提供了燃料，最近提出的振荡假说的主机范围和物种形成的扩展阶段，更一般地说，产生新的组合相互作用的物种在地理镶嵌理论的共同进化。最后，我们得出结论，分类脉冲，气候变化和大规模的生态扰动驱动的生物混合和由此产生的生态拟合，这导致快速主机切换的速度增加，包括新出现的传染病的代理。
The parasite paradox arises from the dual observations that parasites (broadly construed, including phytophagous insects) are resource specialists with restricted host ranges, and yet shifts onto relatively unrelated hosts are common in the phylogenetic diversification of parasite lineages and directly observable in ecological time. We synthesize the emerging solution to this paradox: phenotypic flexibility and phylogenetic conservatism in traits related to resource use, grouped under the term ecological fitting, provide substantial opportunities for rapid host switching in changing environments, in the absence of the evolution of novel host-utilization capabilities. We discuss mechanisms behind ecological fitting, its implications for defining specialists and generalists, and briefly review empirical examples of host shifts in the context of ecological fitting. We conclude that host shifts via ecological fitting provide the fuel for the expansion phase of the recently proposed oscillation hypothesis of host range and speciation, and, more generally, the generation of novel combinations of interacting species within the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. Finally, we conclude that taxon pulses, driven by climate change and large-scale ecological perturbation are drivers of biotic mixing and resultant ecological fitting, which leads to increased rates of rapid host switching, including the agents of Emerging Infectious Disease.