Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass
Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass
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DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.016
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Demirbas, Ayhan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Demirbas, Ayhan
生物柴油的成本取决于原料、地理区域、甲醇价格和作物生产的季节性变化。目前，大多数生物柴油是由大豆、油菜籽和棕榈油制成的。然而，有大量的低成本油脂（例如，餐馆垃圾、牛脂、猪油和黄油脂），这些都可以转化为生物柴油。不同地区的作物类型、农业实践、土地和劳动力成本、工厂规模、加工技术和政府政策使乙醇生产成本和价格因地区而异。目前，在干磨厂生产生物乙醇的成本总计为1.65美元/加仑。乙醇成本中最大的组成部分是植物原料。事实表明，工厂规模对成本有重大影响。工厂规模可以降低15- 20%的运营成本，每升再节省0.02 - 0.03美元。因此，生产成本为每升0.29美元的大型工厂可能比小型工厂每升节省0.05 - 0.06美元。生物燃料和生物原油的粘度随液化条件变化很大。高的和增加的粘度表明流动特性和稳定性差。粘度的增加可归因于储存时生物原油中的持续聚合和氧化偶联反应。虽然生物原油的稳定性通常比生物油的稳定性好，但生物原油的粘度高得多。通过快速热解产生的生物油是羰基化合物、羧基化合物、酚类化合物和水的高度氧化的混合物。它是酸性的，具有潜在的腐蚀性。生物油也可以通过加氢脱氧潜在地升级。该液体，称为生物原油，含有60%的碳，10-20重量%，氧气和30-36 MJ/kg热值，
The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, there are large amounts of low-cost oils and fats (e.g., restaurant waste, beef tallow, pork lard, and yellow grease) that could be converted to biodiesel. The crop types, agricultural practices, land and labor costs, plant sizes, processing technologies and government policies in different regions considerably vary ethanol production costs and prices by region. The cost of producing bioethanol in a dry mill plant currently totals US$1.65/galon. The largest ethanol cost component is the plant feedstock. It has been showed that plant size has a major effect on cost. The plant size can reduce operating costs by 15-20%, saving another $0.02-$0.03 per liter. Thus, a large plant with production costs of $0.29 per liter may be saving $0.05-$0.06 per liter over a smaller plant. Viscosity of biofuel and biocrude varies greatly with the liquefaction conditions. The high and increasing viscosity indicates a poor flow characteristic and stability. The increase in the viscosity can be attributed to the continuing polymerization and oxidative coupling reactions in the biocrude upon storage. Although stability of biocrude is typically better than that of bio-oil, the viscosity of biocrude is much higher. The bio-oil produced by flash pyrolysis is a highly oxygenated mixture of carbonyls, carboxyls, phenolics and water. It is acidic and potentially corrosive. Bio-oil can also be potentially upgraded by hydrodeoxygenation. The liquid, termed biocrude, contains 60% carbon, 10-20 wt.% oxygen and 30-36 MJ/kg heating value as opposed to