Divergence in function and expression of the NOD26-like intrinsic proteins in plants.
Divergence in function and expression of the NOD26-like intrinsic proteins in plants.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2164-10-313
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发表时间：
2009-07-15
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Zhu Z
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Liu Q;Wang H;Zhang Z;Wu J;Feng Y;Zhu Z
NOD 26-like intrinsic proteins（NIPs）属于水通道蛋白超家族，具有植物特异性，并具有相似的三维结构。然而，实验证据表明，NIP基因之间的功能分歧应该广泛发生。因此，进一步研究NIP基因功能多样化的进化机制是非常有趣的。为了更好地理解这一过程，进行了包括系统发育、正选择、功能分化和转录分析在内的综合分析。NIPs的起源可以追溯到原始的陆生植物，它们的多样性不会比藓类植物P. patens的出现时间更早。NIPs在植物中的快速增殖可能主要归因于多倍性和串联复制产生的节段性染色体复制。最大似然分析表明，NIP应该经历了强大的选择压力，基因复制和/或物种形成后的适应性进化，促使形成不同的NIP组。在氨基酸水平上的功能分歧分析提供了强有力的统计证据，改变了进化速度和/或基因复制后的氨基酸的理化性质的根本变化，和DIVERGE 2已经确定了关键的氨基酸位点，被认为是负责分歧的进一步调查。植物NIPs的表达具有明显的组织特异性、细胞特异性和发育特异性，对不同逆境胁迫的反应也有很大差异。顺式作用调控元件在启动子区的组织差异可能部分解释了它们在表达上的差异。大量的DNA和氨基酸序列分析表明，植物NIPs在进化过程中经历了高度的功能和表达分化，这主要归因于强烈的正选择或某些关键氨基酸位点的进化速率和/或理化性质的快速变化。
NOD26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) that belong to the aquaporin superfamily are plant-specific and exhibit a similar three-dimensional structure. Experimental evidences however revealed that functional divergence should have extensively occurred among NIP genes. It is therefore intriguing to further investigate the evolutionary mechanisms being responsible for the functional diversification of the NIP genes. To better understand this process, a comprehensive analysis including the phylogenetic, positive selection, functional divergence, and transcriptional analysis was carried out. The origination of NIPs could be dated back to the primitive land plants, and their diversification would be no younger than the emergence time of the moss P. patens. The rapid proliferation of NIPs in plants may be primarily attributed to the segmental chromosome duplication produced by polyploidy and tandem duplications. The maximum likelihood analysis revealed that NIPs should have experienced strong selective pressure for adaptive evolution after gene duplication and/or speciation, prompting the formation of distinct NIP groups. Functional divergence analysis at the amino acid level has provided strong statistical evidence for shifted evolutionary rate and/or radical change of the physiochemical properties of amino acids after gene duplication, and DIVERGE2 has identified the critical amino acid sites that are thought to be responsible for the divergence for further investigation. The expression of plant NIPs displays a distinct tissue-, cell-type-, and developmental specific pattern, and their responses to various stress treatments are quite different also. The differences in organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in the promoter regions may partially explain their distinction in expression. A number of analyses both at the DNA and amino acid sequence levels have provided strong evidences that plant NIPs have suffered a high divergence in function and expression during evolution, which is primarily attributed to the strong positive selection or a rapid change of evolutionary rate and/or physiochemical properties of some critical amino acid sites.
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