Sustainable intensification of rice fallows of Eastern India with suitable winter crop and appropriate crop establishment technique
Sustainable intensification of rice fallows of Eastern India with suitable winter crop and appropriate crop establishment technique
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-019-06063-4
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Mondal, Surajit
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kumar, Rakesh;Mishra, Janki Saran;Mondal, Surajit
水稻休耕是一种雨水灌溉的低地农业生态，目前在南亚的可持续集约化种植方面受到特别重视。然而，水稻休耕地区的种植集约化在很大程度上受到无法获得灌溉、农民财政状况差和土壤限制的挑战。事实上，土壤剩余水分的迅速枯竭仍然是水稻休耕区连续种植作物的主要障碍。开展了一项实地调查，以确定最适合的水稻冬季轮作，并为可以保持土壤水分的冬季作物定制适当的作物种植实践。处理包括三种冬季作物的种植方法[复播种植，即收获前15天在水稻作物中播撒种子]、免耕（ZT）和覆盖（ZTM）]，以及五种雨季后作物（扁豆、鹰嘴豆、山楂、芥菜和亚麻籽）。结果表明，红豆和扁豆是印度东部水稻休耕条件下潜在的冬季作物。除芥菜作物外，所有冬季作物的产量均高于子宫种植，这主要是由于ZT和ZTM处理的作物生长较早，土壤含水量较高。子宫种植条件下水分利用效率高于ZT和ZTM处理。与其他处理（冬季作物x作物建制做法）相比，水稻-扁豆（9.3吨公顷（-1））和水稻-扁豆（8.1吨公顷（-1））较高的系统生产力（系统水稻当量产量）导致更高的净收益和生产效率。稻渣覆盖对扁豆、芥菜和亚麻籽作物产量的影响显著。不同作物轮作方式的能量利用效率依次为：水稻-扁豆轮作（5.3）最高，其次为水稻-扁豆轮作（4.8）。模拟结果表明，与ZT和ZTM处理相比，低温处理下冬茬作物温室气体（GHG）排放量更少，全球变暖潜势（GWP）更低。水稻-甜菜、水稻-扁豆和水稻-鹰嘴豆轮作的N2O排放量低于水稻-芥菜和水稻-亚麻籽轮作。因此，红豆和扁豆可以理想地纳入水稻休耕区，以实现可持续种植集约化和提高东印度农民的收入。
Rice fallow, a rainfed lowland agro-ecology, is presently gaining particular attention for sustainable cropping intensification in the South Asia. Nevertheless, cropping intensification of rice-fallow areas is largely challenged by non-availability of irrigation, the poor financial status of farmers and soil constraints. Indeed, fast depletion of the soil residual moisture remains the primary obstacle for growing a crop in succession in rice fallows. A field investigation was carried out to identify the most adaptable ricewinter crop rotation and to customize appropriate crop establishment practice for a winter crop that could conserve the soil moisture. Treatments comprised of three crop establishment practices for winter crops [utera (relay cropping, i.e. broadcasting of seeds in standing rice crop 15 days before harvesting), zero tillage (ZT) and ZT with mulching (ZTM)], and five post-rainyseason crops (lentil, chickpea, lathyrus, mustard and linseed). Results showed that lathyrus and lentil could be the potential winter crop in the rice-fallow condition of Eastern India. Except for mustard crop, the productivity of all the winter crops was higher in utera cropping, which was primarily attributed to early crop growth and higher soil moisture content over ZT and ZTM treatments. The higher water use efficiency was recorded under utera cropping over ZT and ZTM treatments. Higher system productivity (system rice equivalent yield) in rice-utera lathyrus (9.3 t ha(-1)) and rice-utera lentil (8.1 t ha(-1)) led to higher net returns and production efficiency over other treatments (winter crop x crop establishment practice). Benefits of rice residue mulching were prominent in lentil, mustard and linseed crop productivity. Energy use efficiency of different crop establishment practices follows the trend of utera > ZT > ZTM (p < 0.05), being highest in rice-utera lathyrus (5.3) followed by rice-utera lentil (4.8) crop rotations. The simulated data shows that winter crops grown under utera led to less emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) and low global warming potential (GWP) as compared to ZT and ZTM treatments. Rice-lathyrus, rice-lentil and rice-chickpea systems had lower N2O emission than rice-mustard and rice-linseed rotations. Hence, lathyrus and lentil could be included in rice fallows ideally with utera for sustainable cropping intensification and improving the farmers' income in Eastern India.