Restoring hydrology and old-growth structures in a former production forest: Modelling the long-term effects on biodiversity
Restoring hydrology and old-growth structures in a former production forest: Modelling the long-term effects on biodiversity
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恢复前生产林的水文和古老结构：模拟对生物多样性的长期影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.028
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
A. P. Tøttrup
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adriano Mazziotta;J. Heilmann‐Clausen;H. H. Bruun;Ö. Fritz;E. Aude;A. P. Tøttrup
生产林的生物多样性价值大大低于天然林。这与水文、林龄以及古树和枯木数量的差异有关。使用预测模型框架，我们表明恢复以前用于木材采伐的森林的水文和古老生长特征会导致森林组成和结构的变化，最终提高其生物多样性价值。我们对温带混交阔叶林的 102 个样地的生物多样性和林分变量进行了清查，这是旨在恢复水文和古老生长结构的 LIFE+ 计划的重点。我们收集了四个生物群（维管植物、附生苔藓植物和地衣、木栖真菌）的存在/不存在数据，并测量了与物种发生相关并受恢复影响的环境变量（死树或活树特征、林龄、水位）。我们通过使用时空替代模型研究了恢复原始环境特征对生物多样性的影响。我们评估了当林业前的水文条件和古老的结构恢复时，物种丰富度可能如何以及通过什么机制发生反应。模型结果表明，与恢复前的条件相比，扭转长期木材采伐管理的影响增加了合适栖息地的可用性，从而提高了四分之三生物群体的当地物种丰富度。此外，土壤湿度的增加使森林地块转向赤杨树，而林分老化过程维持了耐阴山毛榉，尽管它对高土壤湿度的耐受性较低。我们的预测表明，植物物种丰富度的增加是由自然水位恢复直接驱动的，而真菌物种丰富度的增加是由于合适基质可用性变化的间接影响。地衣对这两个过程都做出了积极的反应。植物比树栖生物更早稳定其丰富度水平，因为水位恢复得比古老的结构更快。与其他群体相比，对恢复中的稳定苔藓植物丰富度值的预测可能会存在偏差，因为它们的多样性较低，并且与森林结构变化的关系更有限。我们建议应用我们的时空方法作为工具来评估类似恢复项目中的森林和生物多样性反应，这些恢复项目涉及开放式栖息地创建的管理行动，促进长期自然过程的发展。这种建模工具在生物多样性结果不确定的动态栖息地中尤其重要。
The biodiversity value of production forests is substantially lower than that of natural forests. This is related to differences in hydrology, stand age and amounts of old trees and deadwood. Using a predictive model framework we show that restoring hydrology and old-growth characteristics in a forest formerly managed for timber extraction results in changes to forest composition and structure, ultimately increasing its biodiversity value.We inventoried biodiversity and stand variables in 102 sample plots in a temperate mixed broadleaved forest, which is in focus of a LIFE+ programme aiming to restore hydrology and old-growth structure. We collected presence/absence data for four organism groups (vascular plants, epiphytic bryophytes and lichens, wood-inhabiting fungi) and measured environmental variables associated with species occurrence and influenced by restoration (dead or living tree characteristics, stand age, water level). We investigated biodiversity consequences of restoration towards pristine environmental characteristics by using a space-for-time substitution model. We evaluated how and through what mechanisms species richness is likely to react when pre-forestry hydrological conditions and old-growth structures are restored.The model results show that reversing the effects of a long history of management for timber extraction increased availability of suitable habitat, and hence the local species richness for three of four of the organism groups, compared to the pre-restoration conditions. Furthermore, the increase in soil moisture shifted the forest plots towards an alder carr, while the stand ageing process sustained the shade-tolerant beech despite its low tolerance for high soil humidity. Our prediction shows an increase in species richness for plants directly driven by the restoration of natural water level, and for fungi as an indirect effect of a change in suitable substrate availability. Lichens responded positively to both processes. Plants stabilized their richness levels earlier than tree-dwelling organisms, as water level recovered faster than old-growth structures. The projection of stable bryophytes richness values under restoration is potentially biased by their lower diversity and more limited affiliation to forest structural variation than other groups.We suggest applying our space-for-time approach as a tool to assess forest and biodiversity responses in similar restoration projects involving management actions of open-ended habitat creation, promoting development of natural processes in the long-term. This modelling tool turns to be especially relevant in dynamic habitats where the outcomes for biodiversity are uncertain.