Microbiome and Diseases: Metabolic Disorders
Microbiome and Diseases: Metabolic Disorders
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-90545-7_16
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Clavel;J. Ecker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Clavel;J. Ecker
继20世纪世纪初和20世纪60年代后期先驱者的工作之后，现在对肠道微生物群落对宿主代谢的影响重新产生了兴趣。尽管如此，我们仍然忽视了肠道微生物群对我们能量平衡的真实的贡献。肥胖症的流行是由于不平衡的能量摄入（太高）与支出（太低），而不是不利微生物在我们肠道的定植。尽管如此，肠道微生物，特别是细菌可以代谢各种饮食化合物，从而释放可以影响宿主代谢功能的生物活性分子。肠道细菌也可以影响免疫反应，这是已知的慢性代谢紊乱的发展中发挥作用。此外，通过粪便移植将肠道微生物群落转移到无菌动物或人类受试者的方法已经证明了肠道微生物在调节宿主能量稳态和代谢病理学发展中的因果作用。实验研究甚至确定了影响代谢反应的单一培养细菌，包括潜在的分子机制和生物活性分子。所有这些发现都支持肠道微生物群对宿主代谢的重要性。在本章中，我们以批判的方式总结了数据，并讨论了肠道微生物群落对宿主代谢的影响及其对代谢紊乱发展的影响的关键概念。
Following the work of pioneers at the beginning of the twentieth century and later in the 1960s, there is nowadays a renewed interest for the impact of gut microbial communities on host metabolism. Nonetheless, we still ignore the real contribution of the intestinal microbiota to our energy homeostasis. The obesity pandemic is due to unbalanced energy intake (too high) vs. expenditure (too low) and not to the colonization of our intestine by unfavorable microbes. Nonetheless, gut microorganisms and in particular bacteria can metabolize a variety of dietary compounds, thereby releasing bioactive molecules that can influence metabolic functions of the host. Intestinal bacteria can also influence immune responses, which are known to play a role in the development of chronic metabolic disorders. Moreover, the approach of transferring gut microbial communities via fecal transplantation to germfree animals or human subjects has demonstrated the causal role of intestinal microbes in regulating host energy homeostasis and the development of metabolic pathologies. Experimental studies have even identified single cultured bacteria that influence metabolic responses, including underlying molecular mechanisms and bioactive molecules. All these findings speak in favor of the importance of the gut microbiota for host metabolism. In the present chapter, we summarize data in a critical manner and discuss key notions pertaining to the impact of gut microbial communities on host metabolism and ensuing implications for the development of metabolic disorders.