Responses in free swimming fishes to electrical stimulation of the cerebellum.
Responses in free swimming fishes to electrical stimulation of the cerebellum.
复制标题
自由游动的鱼类对小脑电刺激的反应。
DOI：
10.1002/aja.1001060205
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发表时间：
1960
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. R. Clark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. L. Clark;M. Y. Chung;L. Shine;M. R. Clark
材料和方法虽然对三种鱼类（金鱼，Car-rassius；太阳鱼，Lepmis；鲶鱼，Ic-talurus）进行了刺激，但发现当地河鲶鱼最令人满意，因为它的头部宽，小脑表面扁平，以及其他与可用性和易于处理有关的因素。34条鲶鱼被成功地刺激，每条鲶鱼的小脑上都有1到4个电极。5条金鱼和5条太阳鱼被成功地使用，但后两种物种不像鲶鱼那样容易控制或处理。体重在1.5到2磅之间的鱼，每一条都是用捕鱼器或鱼线捕获的，被带到实验室，放在一个持续充气的浅水池里，在那里一直待到使用。在一次实验中，一个单一的标本被放置在一桶充气的水中，并被包裹在一个紧密配合的金属丝网圆筒中，这个圆筒在鱼的背表面上方打开。当它的嘴在水下，头部表面暴露在空气中时，在小脑上方的皮肤上开一个小口，用一英寸长的钻穿头盖骨，露出大脑。只要水没过鱼的腮和嘴，鱼通常很少或根本不流血，也不动。在颅骨板下，一团脂肪球含有一些血管，其中一个是突出的正中静脉，部分遮蔽了小脑表面。骨膜外没有厚硬脑膜或结缔组织，骨膜随骨头脱落。一个带有一根或多根细绝缘导线的电极载体被安装在骨头的开口中，并通过一个卡扣或通过相邻坚韧的皮肤缝合固定在适当的位置。这些金属丝柔韧且足够长，可以让鱼游到浴缸的各个部位而不会被拉紧。一根接地线系在浸在水里的金属丝网上。在植入电极后，鱼被释放到水中自由游泳，并在电极和地面之间或两个电极之间施加刺激，以定时间隔使用恒流刺激器（Montgomery and Ward, ' 51）。通常的阈值在0.3 ma左右，只有很少的刺激超过1ma。有两名观察员出席；对这些效果进行了记录，有时还拍摄了动态照片。在少数情况下，脑电图被记录下来。在良好的条件下，实验可以持续几个小时，通常情况下，鱼是相当活跃的时间，当它的时间
MATERIALS AND METHODSWhile stimulations have been carried out on three groups of fish (goldfish, Car-rassius; sunfish, Lepmis; and catfish, Ic-talurus) the local river catfish was found to be most satisfactory because of its broad head, flattened cerebellar surface and other factors related to availability and ease of handling. Thirty-four catfish were successfully stimulated each having from one to four electrodes on its cerebellum. Five goldfish and five sunfish were successfully used but the two latter species are not as easily controlled or handled as the catfish. Fish weighing 1.5 to two pounds, each obtained from traps or lines, were brought to the laboratory and put in a shallow pool of continuously aerated water, where they stayed until used. At the time of an experiment a single specimen was placed in a tub of aerated water and encased in a closely fitting wire mesh cylinder open above the dorsal surface of the fish. While held so that its mouth was beneath the water and the surface of the head exposed to air, a small opening over the cerebellum was made in the skin and the brain exposed by boring through the cranium with a inch trephine. There was usually little or no bleeding and no movement on the part of the fish as long as the water covered the gills and the mouth. Beneath the bony skull plate, a mass of fatty globules containing a few blood vessels, one of them a prominent median vein, partially obscured the cerebellar surface. There was no thick dura or connective tissue beyond the periosteum, which came away with the bone. An electrode carrier with one or more fine insulated wires was fitted into the opening in the bone and fastened in place by a clasp or by sutures through the adjacent tough skin. The wires were flexible and long enough to allow the fish to swim to all parts of the tub without becoming taut. A ground wire was fastened to a wire mesh immersed in the water. After the electrode was planted the fish was released to swim freely in the water, and stimuli were applied between an electrode and the ground or between two electrodes, at timed intervals with a constant current stimulator,(Montgomery and Ward,’51). The usual threshold was around 0.3 ma and only rarely were stimuli above 1 ma applied. Two observers were present; notes were kept of the effects and at times moving pictures were taken. In a few instances, the EEG was recorded. Under good conditions an experiment could last several hours and ordinarily the fish was quite active to the time when it was de-