Non-target Effects of Biological Control Agents
Non-target Effects of Biological Control Agents
复制标题
生物防治剂的非目标效应
DOI：
10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_13
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
F. Howarth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. Howarth
生物控制使用三种策略：管理措施，以提高本地代理人已经发生在系统（第4章）;圈养饲养和释放居民本地代理人（第3章）;和进口和释放的非本地代理人（有时被称为“经典的生物控制”）（第2章）。第四种策略正在迅速发展中：对本地和非本地媒介进行遗传操作，以提高它们对害虫的有效性（见第14章）。衡量虫害防治成功与否的一个重要指标是防治程序对环境的影响，包括对非目标物种的任何直接和间接影响。尽管生物防治通常被认为对环境是安全的（Lai，1988; Coulson等人，1991年;美国国会，1995年; Bathon，1996年; Onstad和McManus，1996年; McEhran，1996年; Jervis，1997年），所有害虫控制方法都有内在风险。也就是说，任何将大量有害生物的数量减少到经济阈值以下的方法都将产生社区水平的影响，因此必然会造成环境风险。本章的范围是审查生物控制对非目标生物的环境影响的已发表证据，并提出将固有风险降至最低的方法。在本书的背景下，非靶标效应很重要，因为它们有可能危及生物防治的成功。这里将强调非本地媒介的影响，因为在实践中，引入的媒介几乎总是新环境的永久添加物。这使得一些影响可能不可逆转，
Biological control uses three strategies: management practices to enhance native agents already occurring in the system (Chapter 4); captive rearing and release of resident native agents (Chapter 3); and importation and release of non-native agents (sometimes termed'classical biological control')(Chapter 2). A fourth strategy is rapidly being developed: genetic manipulation of both native and non-native agents to enhance their effectiveness against pests (see Chapter 14). An important measure of successful pest control is the effect of the control procedure on the environment, including any direct and indirect effects on non-target species. Although biological control is frequently presumed to be safe to the environment (Lai, 1988; Coulson et al., 1991; US Congress, 1995; Bathon, 1996; Onstad and McManus, 1996; McEvoy, 1996; Jervis 1997), all pest control methods have inherent risks. That is, any method that reduces the popUlation of an abundant pest organism to below an economic threshold will have community-level effects and therefore will inherently pose environmental risks. The scope of this chapter is to review the published evidence for environmental impacts of biological control on non-target organisms and to suggest ways of minimising the inherent risks. In the context of this book, non-target effects are important for they have the potential to compromise the success of biological control. The effects of non-indigenous agents will be stressed here because, in practice, introduced agents are nearly always permanent additions to the new environment. This makes some impacts potentially irreversible and