Hydrogen storage in metals
Hydrogen storage in metals
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/3-540-08883-0_21
复制
发表时间：
1978
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Wiswall
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wiswall
氢气储存是一个重要的话题，主要是因为它与未来的能源经济有关。由于氢是一种用途广泛的燃料，可以很容易地从其他形式的能源中产生并转化为其他形式的能量，所以储存氢就是储存能量。有许多能源只有在产品能够储存的情况下才能被充分利用。事实上，人们不仅需要储存能量，而且还需要包装能量，并能够在以后的时间和遥远的地方释放能量--一个不一定用电线连接到源头的地方。核反应堆产生的电力就是一个很好的例子。这里的规模经济很明显，它们必须建在很大的单位里。目前，这类反应堆只提供基本负荷。但随着电网数量的增加，如果有可用的储存方法，它们的输出将会被用来接管目前保留给化石燃料的某些任务；甚至汽车推进也是一种可能性。这一声明将特别适用于开发热核反应堆时的情况。它们的规模将非常巨大，当它们准备好为世界能源需求做出重要贡献时--最早可能是在2010年--化石燃料储量将很有可能耗尽。当然，所有间歇性能源都是储能技术的明显受益者。如果部分储存成为可能，太阳能、潮汐能和风能就会变得更有价值。同样属于这一类的还有发电厂在需求低迷时的发电量。如果这种“错峰”电力能够储存起来，并在几个小时后在需求旺盛的时候释放出来，所需的发电设备数量可能会大幅减少。负载均衡的可能机制是电解水，储存氢气，然后将其输送到燃料电池组。后者的电力产品从直流电转换为交流电后，将供应给电网。已经提出的变化包括：1)储存氧气和氢，并使用它而不是空气作为阴极燃料来提高燃料电池的电压；2)电解盐酸水溶液而不是水，储存氢和氯，并使它们在合适的电池中重新结合--可能与用于电解的电池相同[5.1]；3)使用氢作为高温、高效涡轮机的燃料；以及4)氢与
Hydrogen storage is an important topic chiefly because of its relevance to the energy economy of the future. Since hydrogen is a versatile fuel, and can be readily generated from and converted to other forms of energy, to store hydrogen is to store energy. There are many sources of energy which can be fully utilized only if the product can be stored. Indeed, one needs not only to store but also to package energy and to be able to release it at a later time and a distant place--a place not necessarily linked with wires to the source. A case in point is the power generated by nuclear reactors. Economy of scale is conspicuous here; they must be built in very large units. At present such reactors supply only the base load. of electric grids, but as their numbers increase, the time will come when their output could be used, if storage methods were available, to take over certain tasks now reserved to fossil fuels; even automotive propulsion is a possibility. This statement will apply with particular force to thermonuclear reactors when they are developed. They will be extremely large, and by the time they are ready to make an important contribution to the world's energy needs--probably AD 2010 at the earliest--fossil fuel reserves will be well on their way to depletion. All intermittent energy sources are, of course, obvious beneficiaries of an energy storage technology. Solar, tidal, and wind energy become far more valuable if partial storage is possible. Also in this class belongs the output of electric generating plants at times of low demand. If this" off-peak" power could be stored and released a few hours later, at the time of high demand, the amount of generating equipment required could be substantially reduced. The probable mechanism of load leveling would be to electrolyze water, store the hydrogen, and later feed it to a fuel cell stack. The latter's electric product would, after conversion from dc to ac, be supplied to the grid. Variations that have been suggested include 1) storing oxygen as well as hydrogen and using it rather than air as the cathode fuel to raise the fuel cell voltage; 2) electrolyzing aqueous hydrochloric acid instead of water, storing hydrogen and chlorine, and causing them to recombine in a suitable cell--possibly the same cell as that used for electrolysis [5.1]; 3) using the hydrogen as a fuel for a high temperature, high efficiency turbine; and 4) the combustion of hydrogen with