Emotion and False Memory: The Context-Content Paradox
Emotion and False Memory: The Context-Content Paradox
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DOI：
10.1037/bul0000077
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发表时间：
2016-12-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Brainerd, C. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bookbinder, S. H.;Brainerd, C. J.
错误记忆受到多种因素的影响，但出于理论和实践的原因，情绪是一个具有特殊意义的变量。有趣的是，情绪对错误记忆的影响取决于它是嵌入到要记住的事件的内容中，还是嵌入到我们的情绪中，在我们的情绪中，情绪是事件编码环境的一个方面。我们概述了这种内容-语境分离的理论基础，然后回顾了积累的证据，即内容和语境效应确实是不同的。矛盾的是，我们发现，在自发和植入错误记忆的实验中，负价内容会导致扭曲，但负价情绪会保护自己免受扭曲。此外，相关数据表明，持续的负面自然情绪(例如，抑郁)会引发错误记忆。现有的错误记忆的对手-过程模型，如模糊跟踪理论，能够解释内容-语境的分离：情绪内容的变化主要影响对事件要点的记忆，而情绪语境的变化主要影响对事件确切的逐字形式的记忆。关于这些效应是如何被记忆测试和觉醒过程中的变化所调节的，重要的问题仍然存在。解决这些问题的有前景的方法被概述，特别是将情绪的主旨和逐字影响分开的设计。
False memories are influenced by a variety of factors, but emotion is a variable of special significance, for theoretical and practical reasons. Interestingly, emotion's effects on false memory depend on whether it is embedded in the content of to-be-remembered events or in our moods, where mood is an aspect of the context in which events are encoded. We sketch the theoretical basis for this content-context dissociation and then review accumulated evidence that content and context effects are indeed different. Paradoxically, we find that in experiments on spontaneous and implanted false memories, negatively valenced content foments distortion, but negatively valenced moods protect against it. In addition, correlational data show that enduring negative natural moods (e.g., depression) foment false memory. Current opponent-process models of false memory, such as fuzzy-trace theory, are able to explain the content-context dissociation: Variations in emotional content primarily affect memory for the gist of events, whereas variations in emotional context primarily affect memory for events' exact verbatim form. Important questions remain about how these effects are modulated by variations in memory tests and in arousal. Promising methods of tackling those questions are outlined, especially designs that separate the gist and verbatim influences of emotion.