Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with maize straw: Seeking long‐term improvement of rice yield by raising quality indicators of a red paddy soil
Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with maize straw: Seeking long‐term improvement of rice yield by raising quality indicators of a red paddy soil
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DOI：
10.1002/ldr.4420
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发表时间：
2022-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Lian Zhang;Kun Hou;Qiong Zhang;Shifu He;G. Long;Lichu Yin;Hongmei Zhu;Chang Tian;Gongwen L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lian Zhang;Kun Hou;Qiong Zhang;Shifu He;G. Long;Lichu Yin;Hongmei Zhu;Chang Tian;Gongwen L
秸秆还田能提高作物产量，但秸秆替代化肥影响产量的潜在机制尚未完全明晰。我们假设秸秆还田通过改善土壤质量来提高作物产量。为了阐明玉米秸秆部分替代化肥如何影响土壤性质，以及土壤性质对双季稻产量的具体贡献，我们选取了一个自1982年起运行的长期定位试验站，并设计了三种施肥处理：（1）单施化肥（CF）；（2）玉米秸秆中度替代，即1/3的氮肥被替代（MS）；（3）玉米秸秆高度替代，即2/3的氮肥被替代（HS）。2019年和2020年，晚稻和早稻在HS处理下的产量分别提高了42.66%和25.04%。长期秸秆还田显著降低了土壤容重，增加了总孔隙度，并提高了稳定团聚体含量（>0.25毫米）。与CF处理相比，秸秆还田提高了土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和过氧化氢酶活性，以及微生物生物量碳（C）、微生物生物量氮和养分含量。结构方程模型表明，所测土壤性质可解释观测到的水稻产量77%的变异。水稻产量主要受土壤有机质（SOM）、微生物生物量和酶活性的间接影响。结果表明，秸秆替代化肥提高了水稻产量。长期施肥条件下影响产量的关键因素是SOM、微生物生物量和酶活性，而非土壤氮、磷（P）养分含量和容重。
Straw application increases crop yield, but the underlying mechanisms of straw‐substitution for chemical fertilizer on yield is not completely understood. We hypothesized that straw application improves crop yield by improving soil quality. In order to clarify how partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with maize straw affects soil properties and the specific contribution of soil properties to double‐cropping rice yield, we selected a long‐term positioning test station operated since 1982 and designed three fertilization treatments: (1) single chemical fertilizers (CF); (2) medium replacement by maize straw under which 1/3 of nitrogen (N) fertilizer was replaced (MS); and (3) high replacement by maize straw under which 2/3 of N fertilizer was replaced (HS). The yield under HS of late and early rice increased by 42.66% and 25.04% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Long‐term straw application significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased total porosity, and improved the stable aggregates content (>0.25 mm). Straw application increased soil urease, protease, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and catalase activities, microbial biomass carbon (C), microbial biomass N, and nutrients compared with CF. The structural equation model indicated that the tested soil properties explained 77% of the variations in observed rice yield. The rice yield was mainly indirectly affected by soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass, and enzyme activities. The results showed that straw substituted for chemical fertilizers increased rice yield. The key factors affecting yield under long‐term fertilization were SOM, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity, rather than soil N, phosphorus (P) nutrient contents, and bulk density.