Meta-analysis of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies using individual participant data: How is brain regulation mediated?
Meta-analysis of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies using individual participant data: How is brain regulation mediated?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.042
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Haller, Sven
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emmert, Kirsten;Kopel, Rotem;Haller, Sven
越来越多的使用实时功能磁共振神经反馈的研究表明，在大脑的各个区域，神经活动的成功调节是可能的。由于这些研究主要集中在受调控区域，因此对神经反馈引导的脑激活控制的靶标无关机制（即调节网络）知之甚少。虽然自我调节过程中激活的特异性是一个重要因素，但没有研究有效地确定一般的自我调节网络。为了检测负责大脑调节行为的区域，我们根据不同研究小组的研究，对涉及不同目标区域的数据进行了事后分析。我们纳入了12项合适的研究，检查了9个不同的目标区域，共计175名受试者和899次神经反馈运行。数据分析包括考虑个体时间的所有参与者的标准一级（单个受试者，提取主范式）和二级（单个受试者，所有运行）一般线性模型（GLM）分析。随后，在第三个层面，随机效应模型GLM将所有研究的所有受试者纳入其中，形成一个整体的混合效应模型。由于12项研究中有4项视野（FoV）减少，我们在8项视野重叠良好的研究的子样本中重复了相同的分析，以获得更全面的自我调节图像。GLM分析显示，在整个研究过程中，前岛和基底神经节，特别是纹状体，在大脑活动的调节过程中始终保持活跃。脑岛前部与身体的内感受性意识和认知控制有关。基底神经节参与程序性学习、视觉运动整合和其他高级认知过程，包括动机。更大的FoV分析显示，在前扣带皮层、背外侧和腹外侧前额叶皮层、颞顶叶区和包括颞枕交界处在内的视觉关联区有额外的激活。总之，我们证明了几个关键区域，如前岛和基底神经节，在实时fMRI神经反馈的自我调节过程中持续被激活，独立于目标感兴趣的区域。我们的研究结果表明，如果实时fMRI神经反馈研究的是该调节网络的目标区域，如岛叶前部，那么应该注意激活变化是与成功调节有关，还是与调节过程本身有关。此外，需要进一步的研究来确定这个调节网络中的激活如何与神经反馈的成功相关。(C) 2015爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
An increasing number of studies using real-time fMRI neurofeedback have demonstrated that successful regulation of neural activity is possible in various brain regions. Since these studies focused on the regulated region(s), little is known about the target-independent mechanisms associated with neurofeedback-guided control of brain activation, i.e. the regulating network. While the specificity of the activation during self-regulation is an important factor, no study has effectively determined the network involved in self-regulation in general. In an effort to detect regions that are responsible for the act of brain regulation, we performed a post-hoc analysis of data involving different target regions based on studies from different research groups. We included twelve suitable studies that examined nine different target regions amounting to a total of 175 subjects and 899 neurofeedback runs. Data analysis included a standard first-(single subject, extracting main paradigm) and second-level (single subject, all runs) general linear model (GLM) analysis of all participants taking into account the individual timing. Subsequently, at the third level, a random effects model GLM included all subjects of all studies, resulting in an overall mixed effects model. Since four of the twelve studies had a reduced field of view (FoV), we repeated the same analysis in a subsample of eight studies that had a well-overlapping FoV to obtain a more global picture of self-regulation.The GLM analysis revealed that the anterior insula as well as the basal ganglia, notably the striatum, were consistently active during the regulation of brain activation across the studies. The anterior insula has been implicated in interoceptive awareness of the body and cognitive control. Basal ganglia are involved in procedural learning, visuomotor integration and other higher cognitive processes including motivation. The larger FoV analysis yielded additional activations in the anterior cingulate cortex, the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the temporo-parietal area and the visual association areas including the temporo-occipital junction. In conclusion, we demonstrate that several key regions, such as the anterior insula and the basal ganglia, are consistently activated during self-regulation in real-time fMRI neurofeedback independent of the targeted region-ofinterest. Our results imply that if the real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies target regions of this regulation network, such as the anterior insula, care should be given whether activation changes are related to successful regulation, or related to the regulation process per se. Furthermore, future research is needed to determine how activation within this regulation network is related to neurofeedback success. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.