Trapline foraging by pollinators: its ontogeny, economics and possible consequences for plants
Trapline foraging by pollinators: its ontogeny, economics and possible consequences for plants
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DOI：
10.1093/aob/mcp088
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发表时间：
2009-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Thomson, James D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ohashi, Kazuharu;Thomson, James D.
陷阱觅食（重复顺序访问一系列的喂养地点）已经常观察到传粉者收集花蜜或花粉从花。虽然对大黄蜂和蜂鸟的实地研究已经澄清了这种行为的基本方面，但从动物和植物的角度来看，陷阱觅食仍然提出了几个困难的问题。这些问题包括诱捕是否以及如何提高觅食性能，动物如何开发诱捕线积累觅食经验，以及诱捕如何影响花粉流或植物reproduction.First，我们回顾了我们以前的工作，通过使用计算机模拟和室内飞行笼实验与熊蜂觅食阵列的自动喂食器。我们的研究结果包括以下几点：（1）诱捕有利于觅食者，他们正在竞争以减速方式补充的资源，（2）诱捕是一种习得的行为，在一段时间内发展，（3）诱捕线的建立可能会受到植物的空间配置的阻碍。其次，使用一个模拟模型连接传粉者的运动和花粉传递，我们考虑如何服务传粉者与不同的觅食模式（搜索或诱捕器）会影响花粉流。诱捕增加了交配距离和交配多样性，并减少了种群水平上的“异花授粉”（回访引起的自花授粉）。此外，访问率的增加可能对植物的繁殖成功产生相反的影响，这取决于访问者是诱捕还是搜索。最后，我们讨论了可能的后果traplining植物在新的实验工作和modelling.We建议，trapline觅食传粉增加植物种群之间的遗传多样性，近交衰退和贡献的花性状的植物健身，这反过来又会影响花的进化速度和方向的变化。需要更多的理论和实证研究来澄清这种被忽视的授粉方面的可能结果。
Trapline foraging (repeated sequential visits to a series of feeding locations) has been often observed in pollinators collecting nectar or pollen from flowers. Although field studies on bumble-bees and hummingbirds have clarified fundamental aspects of this behaviour, trapline foraging still poses several difficult questions from the perspectives of both animals and plants. These questions include whether and how traplining improves foraging performance, how animals develop traplines with accumulating foraging experience, and how traplining affects pollen flow or plant reproduction.First, we review our previous work performed by using computer simulations and indoor flight-cage experiments with bumble-bees foraging from arrays of automated feeders. Our findings include the following: (1) traplining benefits foragers that are competing for resources that replenish in a decelerating way, (2) traplining is a learned behaviour that develops over a period of hours and (3) the establishment of traplines could be hampered by spatial configuration of plants such as zigzags. Second, using a simulation model linking pollinator movement and pollen transfer, we consider how service by pollinators with different foraging patterns (searchers or trapliners) would affect pollen flow. Traplining increases mating distance and mate diversity, and reduces 'iterogamy' (self-pollination caused by return visits) at the population level. Furthermore, increased visitation rates can have opposite effects on the reproductive success of a plant, depending on whether the visitors are traplining or searching. Finally, we discuss possible consequences of traplining for plants in the light of new experimental work and modelling.We suggest that trapline foraging by pollinators increases variation among plant populations in genetic diversity, inbreeding depression and contributions of floral traits to plant fitness, which should in turn affect the rates and directions of floral evolution. More theoretical and empirical studies are needed to clarify possible outcomes of such a neglected side of pollination.