Recent, present, and future health of American adults.
Recent, present, and future health of American adults.
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美国成年人最近、现在和未来的健康状况。
DOI：
10.1146/annurev.pu.10.050189.002001
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发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
20.8
通讯作者：
Verbrugge,LM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Verbrugge,LM
在人的一生中，健康是一种高度动态的体验。急性和慢性的问题，过程中的生活消失或缓解，出现一次或重复，恶化或稳定。在人的一生中，慢性问题可以简单地在数量上积累，彼此独立地运作，或者它们可以协同作用，引起症状并增加进一步健康问题的风险。抑郁症影响身体和社会功能，幸福和焦虑，跨越生活的日子和岁月。残疾也是动态的;往往是暂时的，但有时是永久的。个人发病率动态汇总为人口健康统计数据，随着个人健康经历的广泛变化而变化。常识告诉我们，发病率、残疾和死亡率在个人和人口基础上都是相互关联的。但它们之间的联系并不一定简单或时间紧密。例如，许多慢性疾病会导致残疾，但不会导致死亡（如关节炎，失明）。死亡可能发生在没有先前发病或残疾的情况下（例如，车祸、心脏病发作导致的立即死亡，而没有先前的症状或诊断）。慢性病造成的残疾可以通过医疗、康复和生活方式干预来阻止。慢性问题可以累积，但死亡可以停留，直到最后的，触发疾病的发作。而且，正如我在本文中所讨论的，死亡率的总体变化可能对人口发病率产生有害影响（寿命延长但健康状况恶化）。
Across the days and years of an individual’s lifetime, health is a highly dynamic experience. The acute and chronic problems that course through life disappear or remit, appear once only or repeat, worsen or stabilize. Over a lifetime, chronic problems can simply accumulate in number, operating independently of each other, or they can interact synergistically to cause symptoms and increase the risk of further health problems. Morbidity influences physical and social functioning, happiness and anxiety, across days and years of life. Disability, too, is dynamic; often it is temporary but occasionally permanent. Individual dynamics of morbidity aggregate into population health statistics, which shift over time in conjunction with widespread changes in individuals’ health experiences. Common sense tells us that morbidity, disability, and mortality are linked, both on an individual and a population basis. But the links between them are not necessarily simple or closely timed. For example, many chronic conditions cause disability but not death (eg arthritis, blindness). Mortality can occur without prior morbidity or disability (eg immediate death from auto accident, heart attack without prior symptoms or diagnosis). Disability from chronic illness can be deterred by medical, rehabilitation, and lifestyle interventions. Chronic problems can accrete, but death be stayed until the onset of a final, triggering ailment. And, as I discuss in this article, aggregate changes in mortality can have pernicious implications for population morbidity (longer life but worsening health).