Phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from Germany in 2006 and 2007 suggest at least three separate introductions of H5N1 virus
Phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from Germany in 2006 and 2007 suggest at least three separate introductions of H5N1 virus
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DOI：
10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.012
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发表时间：
2008-04-30
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Harder, T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Starick, E.;Beer, M.;Harder, T.
2006年春，在德国的343只死亡野鸟、动物园饲养的一只黑天鹅（Cygnus atratus）、三只流浪猫、一只石貂（Martes foina）和一个火鸡农场中发现了H5 N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV）。2007年（6月至7月），该病毒在德国东南部6个地理位置不同的地点的96只野鸟中再次发生。此外，一家后院鸭鹅混养受到影响。实时RT-PCR [Hoffmann，B.，哈德，T.，Starick，E.，Depner，K.，沃纳，O.，啤酒，M，2007.应用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应快速、高灵敏地对禽流感H5 N1病毒进行病理分型J. Clin. Microbiol. 45，600-603）和核苷酸测序证实这些H5-病毒属于HPAIV H5 N1（进化枝2.2）的青海谱系。为了进行更详细的分析，对2006年或2007年分离的27种来自不同地区和动物物种的德国H5 N1病毒的血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因进行了测序和遗传学分析。2006年，一个“北方型”（亚支2.2.2），代表来自德国联邦州梅克伦堡-西波美拉尼亚、石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因、勃兰登堡和下萨克森的病毒分离株，以及一个“南方型”（亚支2.2.1），来自巴登-符腾堡和巴伐利亚。有趣的是，这两种类型的代表都存在于德国中部，并在火鸡（亚支2.2.2）和簇绒鸭（Aythyafuligula）（亚支2.2）中引起了疫情。1)在萨克森。此外，来自德国南部的一个分离株被鉴定为2.2.2，反之亦然，鉴定为2.2。在北方德国发现了I型分离株。2007年分离的H5 N1病毒属于第三种类型（亚支2.2.3），2006年未检测到。我们的数据表明，三个不同的H5 N1变种引入到德国的野生鸟类种群。这些病毒的来源和传入的确切时间仍然不清楚。根据对来自俄罗斯南部和中部的密切相关的H5 N1病毒的鉴定，最近在2006年初通过从这些地区冬季逃跑的野鸟传入的病毒构成了2006年暴发的最可能情况。2007年检测到的病毒很可能代表了另一种新的入侵，其来源尚不清楚。(C)2007 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
In spring 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 was detected in Germany in 343 dead wild birds, as well as in a black swan (Cygnus atratus) kept in a zoo, three stray cats, one stone marten (Martes foina), and in a single turkey farm. In 2007 (June-July) the virus reoccurred in 96 wild birds at six geographically separate locations in the Southeast of Germany. In addition, a backyard mixed duck and goose holding was affected. Real-time RT-PCR [Hoffmann, B., Harder, T., Starick, E., Depner, K., Werner, O., Beer, M., 2007. Rapid and highly sensitive pathotyping of avian influenza A H5N1 virus by using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 600-603) and nucleotide sequencing confirmed that these H5-viruses belonged to the Qinghai lineage of HPAIV H5N1 (clade 2.2). For a more detailed analysis, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of 27 selected German H5N1 viruses isolated 2006 or 2007 and originating from different regions and animal species were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. As a result, three closely related but distinguishable H5N1 subclades could be defined: In 2006 a 'Northern type' (subclade 2.2.2), representing virus isolates from the German federal states Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein, Brandenburg, and Lower Saxony, and a 'Southern type' (subclade 2.2.1) from Baden-Wurttemberg and Bavaria were detected. Interestingly, representatives of both types were present in Central Germany and caused the outbreak in turkeys (subclade 2.2.2) and in a case in a tufted duck (Aythyafuligula) (subclade 2.2. 1) in Saxony. Furthermore, one isolate from the South of Germany was identified as 2.2.2 and vice versa a 2.2. I-like isolate was found in Northern Germany. H5N1 viruses isolated in 2007 belonged to a third type (subclade 2.2.3) which was not detected in 2006. Our data suggest the introduction of three distinct H5N1 variants into the wild bird population of Germany. The source of these viruses and the exact time of introduction remain obscure. Based on the identification of closely related H5N1 viruses from Southern and Central Russia, a recent introduction via wild birds on winter escape from these regions, early in 2006 constitutes the most likely scenario for the 2006 outbreaks. The viruses detected in 2007 most likely represent another new incursion from an as yet unknown source. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.