Flame and fortune in California: The material and political dimensions of vulnerability
Flame and fortune in California: The material and political dimensions of vulnerability
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加州的火焰与财富：脆弱性的物质和政治层面
DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.008
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
S. Dooling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gregory L. Simon;S. Dooling
本文试图澄清和完善的说法，即脆弱性存在的物质，条件和话语结构。建立在以前的奖学金分析，脆弱性的生产，我们提出了一个概念框架，阐明了材料的脆弱性是如何转化为政治脆弱性和僵化的政策领域。我们认为，指定的组成部分，和之间的关系，物质和政治方面的脆弱性将导致一个更复杂的脆弱性作为一个递归的过程。为了实现这一水平的分析，我们提出了一种空间历史分析方法，融合了时间点和经验驱动的分析与强大的历史和政治经济分析。我们使用加州历史上最大的城市野火--就房屋损失而言--来展示随着时间的推移，物质和政治形式的脆弱性之间的持续脱节是如何导致矛盾的景观的，房屋被故意放置在容易受到野火影响的景观中，消防措施减少。隧道火灾的空间历史分析揭示了脆弱性的表现往往偏离生活经验，产生剥削，无知，动员和抵抗的反应。这一框架还认识到，这些应对措施如何在维持、加深和削弱现有物质条件的同时，造成新的脆弱性。最后，关系分析阐明了火灾地区的脆弱性产生的因素如何也有助于和加强城市的其他部分，如奥克兰，加州的脆弱性。
This paper seeks to clarify and refine the assertion that vulnerability exists as both a material, condition and discursive construct. Building off of previous scholarship analyzing the production of, vulnerabilities, we present a conceptual framework that illuminates how material vulnerabilities are translated into political vulnerabilities and ossified in the policy realm. We argue that specifying components of, and relationships between, the material and political aspects of vulnerability will result in a more sophisticated articulation of vulnerability as a recursive process. In order to achieve this level of analysis we propose a spatial–historical analytic approach that blends point-in-time and, empirically driven analysis with robust historical and political economic analysis. We use the largest urban wildfire – in terms of dwellings lost – in California's history to show how the persistent disconnection between material and political forms of vulnerability has, over time, resulted in contradictory landscapes where homes are intentionally placed in landscapes vulnerable to wildfires with reduced fire protection. Spatial historical analysis of the Tunnel Fire reveals how representations of vulnerability oftentimes deviate from lived experiences, engendering responses of exploitation, ignorance, mobilization and resistance. This framework also recognizes how these responses can create new vulnerabilities while also maintaining, deepening and diminishing existing material conditions. Finally, relational analysis illuminates how factors generating vulnerability in fire areas also contribute to and reinforce vulnerabilities within other parts of cities like Oakland, California.