Water security: a popular but contested concept
Water security: a popular but contested concept
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水安全：一个流行但有争议的概念
DOI：
10.4337/9781782548010.00006
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Bhaduri
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Pahl‐Wostl;J. Gupta;A. Bhaduri
在过去十年中，学术界和政治界对水安全概念的兴趣大大增加，这反映在许多出版物（Bakker，2012年）、研究和资助举措以及会议上。这种日益增长的兴趣可能反映了科学界和政策界对淡水资源状况的关注爆炸性增长，以及在一个快速变化和持续存在水和粮食挑战，包括获取问题的时代，迫切需要可持续的水和土地管理。经济发展、人口增长、气候变化和其他全球到地方的驱动因素改变了水资源的可用性和使用，导致极低和极高流量的风险增加，流量状况发生各种变化，水需求超过可再生供应。这也影响了依赖水的生态系统提供生态系统服务的能力。满足人类需求往往是在短期内以牺牲环境为代价实现的（Palmer等人，2008年; Vörösmarty等人，2010年），从长远来看，对整个社会生态系统的有害影响。许多但不是所有的水问题都可归因于治理失败，而不是资源基础本身的状况。治理失败发生在地方到全球一级，是多方面的，影响到发展中国家和工业化国家，尽管方式不同。它们还受到在多个治理级别同时运行的驱动因素的影响（Gupta等人，2013年）。在许多发展中国家，治理不善，包括现有资源有限的治理结构缺乏效率和效力，再加上腐败指控和缺乏民间社会，对任何形式的发展都构成问题（PahlWostl等人，2012年; PahlWostl和Champeeper，2014年）。发展中国家面临着资源短缺的挑战，无论其经济、体制或基础设施特点如何。有些国家甚至被视为失败国家。这些国家中的大多数都没有满足人的基本需要，也无法满足其社会的保健和教育要求。与此相反，许多工业化国家由于僵化的官僚机构、部门分散、不可持续的消费模式以及经济考虑压倒环境考虑而受到过度管制的影响。有些人越来越多地面临社会不平等的挑战，通过从世界其他地区进口资源，他们的生活超出了自己的环境手段。虚拟水贸易数据显示了水如何从水资源紧张的国家流向水资源丰富的国家（Orlowsky等人，2014年）。为了提高政策和学术能力来处理这些问题，需要在科学和政策方面进行改革，以克服明显的差距，包括进行更多的跨学科和比较研究，更好地了解影响水资源治理和造成治理失败的因素，
The academic and political interest in the concept of water security has increased considerably over the past decade as reflected in numerous publications (Bakker, 2012), research and funding initiatives, and conferences. This growing interest may reflect the explosive rise in concern of scientific and policy communities about the state of freshwater resources and the urgent need for sustainable water and land management in an era of rapid change and persistent water and food challenges including access issues. Economic development, population increase, climate change, and other global to local drivers alter water resource availability and use, resulting in increased risk of extreme low and high flows, variously altered flow regimes, and water demands surpassing renewable supply. These have also affected the ability of waterdependent ecosystems to provide ecosystem services. Satisfying human demands is often achieved in the short term at the expense of the environment (Palmer et al., 2008; Vörösmarty et al., 2010) with harmful implications in the long run for socioecological systems as a whole. Many, but not all, water problems can be attributed to governance failures rather than the condition of the resource base itself. Governance failures occur at local through to global level, are manifold and affect both developing and industrialized countries albeit in different ways. They are also affected by drivers that operate simultaneously at multiple levels of governance (Gupta et al., 2013). In many developing countries, poor governance, including a lack of efficiency and effectiveness of existing resourceconstrained governance structures compounded by allegations of corruption and the absence of civil society, poses problems for any kind of development (PahlWostl et al., 2012; PahlWostl and Knieper, 2014). The developing countries face challenges of resource shortages regardless of economic, institutional or infrastructural characteristics. Some are even seen as failed states. Most of these countries have not met basic human needs, nor have they been able to meet health and educational requirements for their own societies. In contrast, many industrialized countries suffer from overregulation by rigid bureaucracies, sectoral fragmentation, unsustainable consumption patterns and a prevailing dominance of economic over environmental considerations. Some are increasingly facing the challenge of social inequality and live beyond their own environmental means – through importing resources from other parts of the world. Virtual water trade data shows how water moves from water stressed countries to countries with abundant water supplies (Orlowsky et al., 2014). To improve policy and scholarly capacity in dealing with such problems, demands are made for changes in both science and policy to overcome evident gaps that include more interdisciplinary and comparative studies, for an improved understanding of factors that shape water governance and cause governance failures, for the bridging of levels from