Disparities in Pedestrian Streetscape Environments by Income and Race/Ethnicity.
Disparities in Pedestrian Streetscape Environments by Income and Race/Ethnicity.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.03.004
复制
发表时间：
2016-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sallis JF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thornton CM;Conway TL;Cain KL;Gavand KA;Saelens BE;Frank LD;Geremia CM;Glanz K;King AC;Sallis JF
越来越多的证据表明，微尺度的步行环境特征，如人行道质量、人行横道和社区美学，可能会影响居民的身体活动。本研究考察了不同社会经济和种族/民族构成的社区之间是否存在微尺度行人特征的差异。2009-2010年，在美国三个大都市地区（圣地亚哥、西雅图和巴尔的摩），训练有素的观察员沿着1/4英里路线（N=2117）对行人环境特征进行了评估，使用了经过验证的行人街景微尺度审计（MAPS）。社区被定义为人口普查街区组，其选择是为了最大限度地提高收入中位数和宏观可步行性因素（如密度）的可变性。混合模型线性回归分析分别探讨了地区收入和种族/民族的主要影响和交互影响。在所有三个地区中，低收入社区和少数种族/民族比例较高的社区的美学和社会元素（例如，涂鸦，破窗，垃圾）比收入中位数较高或少数种族/民族较少的社区差（p< 0.05）。然而，也有一些情况是，收入较高、种族/少数民族较少的社区，人行道、人行横道和十字路口等行人设施更差或根本没有（p< 0.05）。总体而言，与具有一个或多个商业目的地的混合用途路线相比，住宅中微尺度行人特征的差异更频繁。然而，对于哪些微尺度行人特征是不利的，以及这些不利特征是否与邻里收入或种族/民族构成有关，不同地区之间存在相当大的差异。不同城市的步行街景观差异表明，单城市研究的结果不能一概而论。建议对当地街景进行审计，以确定差异，并有效分配行人基础设施资源，以确保所有居民，无论种族、民族或收入水平，都能获得通行和体育活动的机会。街景的收入和种族差异可能加剧健康差异。低收入/高少数族裔社区有更多负面的美学/社会元素。高收入白人社区的人行道、人行横道和十字路口都较差。差距最常发生在住宅社区，而不是混合用途社区。需要对当地街景进行审计，以确定和纠正差距。
Growing evidence suggests that microscale pedestrian environment features, such as sidewalk quality, crosswalks, and neighborhood esthetics, may affect residents’ physical activity. This study examined whether disparities in microscale pedestrian features existed between neighborhoods of differing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Using the validated Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS), pedestrian environment features were assessed by trained observers along 1/4-mile routes (N=2117) in neighborhoods in three US metropolitan regions (San Diego, Seattle, and Baltimore) during 2009–2010. Neighborhoods, defined as Census block groups, were selected to maximize variability in median income and macroscale walkability factors (e.g., density). Mixed-model linear regression analyses explored main and interaction effects of income and race/ethnicity separately by region. Across all three regions, low-income neighborhoods and neighborhoods with a high proportion of racial/ethnic minorities had poorer esthetics and social elements (e.g., graffiti, broken windows, litter) than neighborhoods with higher median income or fewer racial/ethnic minorities (p<.05). However, there were also instances where neighborhoods with higher incomes and fewer racial/ethnic minorities had worse or absent pedestrian amenities such as sidewalks, crosswalks, and intersections (p<.05). Overall, disparities in microscale pedestrian features occurred more frequently in residential as compared to mixed-use routes with one or more commercial destination. However, considerable variation existed between regions as to which microscale pedestrian features were unfavorable and whether the unfavorable features were associated with neighborhood income or racial/ethnic composition. The variation in pedestrian streetscapes across cities suggests that findings from single-city studies are not generalizable. Local streetscape audits are recommended to identify disparities and efficiently allocate pedestrian infrastructure resources to ensure access and physical activity opportunities for all residents, regardless of race, ethnicity, or income level. Income and race-based differences in streetscapes may aggravate health disparities. Low-income/high-minority neighborhoods had more negative esthetics/social elements. High-income White neighborhoods had poorer sidewalks, crosswalks, and intersections. Disparities occurred most often in residential, not mixed-use neighborhoods. Local streetscape audits are needed to identify and remediate disparities.