Signals, cues and meaning
Signals, cues and meaning
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信号、提示和意义
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
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通讯作者：
J. Donath
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Donath
质量几乎可以是任何东西：力量、诚实、遗传健壮性、毒性、是否适合簿记工作等。当直接评估质量太难或太危险时，我们依靠信号。一只鸟在咬一口之前想知道它要吃的蝴蝶是否有毒，并依靠翅膀斑纹的信号来决定是吃还是继续吃。雇主希望在做出招聘决定之前确定应聘者是否会成功，并依靠简历、推荐信、应聘者的行为和外表等信号来预测是否适合这份工作。微笑可以是幸福的信号，结婚戒指可以是结婚的信号，光滑的皮肤可以是年轻的信号，大房子可以是财富的信号。我们的语言充满了信号，无论是我们说的话还是我们说这些话的方式。说“好的，我想再来一份你的特制金枪鱼快餐”可以是饥饿或礼貌的信号，而它所说的口音可以表示原籍国和社会阶层。事实上，我们的大部分交流，无论是通过文字、手势还是展示物品，都包含了关于我们是谁和我们在想什么的信号信息。
Qualities can be almost anything: strength, honesty, genetic robustness, poisonousness, suitability for bookkeeping employment, etc. We rely on signals when direct evaluation of the quality is too difficult or dangerous. A bird wants to know if the butterfly it is about to eat is poisonous before it takes a bite, and relies on the signal of wing markings to decide whether to eat or move on. An employer wants to determine before making a hiring decision whether a candidate will be successful or not, and relies on signals such as a resume, references, and the candidate’s actions and appearance to predict suitability for the job. A smile can be a signal of happiness, a wedding ring a signal of being married, smooth skin a signal of youth, and a big house a signal of wealth. Our language is full of signals, both the words we say and the way we say them. Saying “yes, I would like another helping of your special Tuna-Delight” can be a signal of hunger or of politeness and the accent with which it is said can signal country of origin and social class. Indeed, much of our communication, whether it is with words, gestures, or displays of possessions, consists of signaling information about who we are and what we are thinking.