The Effect of Micrometeorological Elements on Sterility due to Cool Injury in Rice Plants; An Application of Simulation Model for the Prediction of Canopy Climate
The Effect of Micrometeorological Elements on Sterility due to Cool Injury in Rice Plants; An Application of Simulation Model for the Prediction of Canopy Climate
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微气象要素对水稻冷害不育的影响
DOI：
10.1626/jcs.53.387
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kimio Inoue
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Toriyama;Kimio Inoue
1980年夏季异常凉爽，导致东北地区（本州东北部）的水稻严重不育，原因是孕穗期的低温。虽然太平洋一侧的泷泽和日本海一侧的黑石之间的最高和最低温度基本相似（表1），但由于地形特征，泷泽孕穗期的日照时间比黑石短得多。前者的颖花不育度远高于后者，说明日照时数对水稻冠层小气候起决定性作用。应用井上提出的冠层气候预测模拟模型（图1），阐明了两个地点小穗不育性差异的主要原因。1980年7月16日至18日，用该模式进行了数值试验。在此期间，鄂霍次克海反气旋向西南方向传播，覆盖了日本的北方地区，并对该地区的天气状况和水稻生长产生了强烈的影响。数值试验的结果如下：1.利用观测的气象条件（图3），利用我们的模式模拟了太阳辐射对水稻冠层内空气、叶片和洪水温度的影响（图4和图5）。虽然以上的水稻冠层的寒冷度定义的温度（20-Ta）是大致相同的两个位置，在水稻冠层中的幼穗高度的空气和叶片温度较低的泷泽比黑石。因此，幼穗的冷度估计在泷泽比在黑石大约大两倍（表2）。这种相关性表明，颖花不育性的差异主要是由于冠层内幼穗温度的差异。2.模拟结果表明，在凉爽的天气条件下，20 cm深的洪水灌溉改善了冠层气候（图6和7）。如果在水稻孕穗期的凉爽期用20 cm深的洪水灌溉稻田，则在日本大部分地区生长的水稻可以免受孕穗期低温造成的严重不育。3.黑石的净光合作用估计约为泷泽的2.5倍（表3），反映了太阳辐射的差异。4.结果表明，该模型可用于水稻冠层微气象条件效应的精确评价。
The unusually cool summer of 1980 caused the severe sterility of rice plant grown in Tohoku District (the northeastern part of Honshu), due to the low temperature at the booting stage. Although the maximum and minimum temperatures were essentially similar between Takizawa on the Pacific Ocean side and Kuroishi on the Japan Sea side (Table 1), the sunshine duration during the booting stage at Takizawa was much shorter than that at Kuroishi, due to topographical characteristics. Spikelet sterility of rice plants at the former was much higher than that at the latter, suggesting the decisive role of the sunshine duration on the microclimate of a rice canopy. A simulation model for the prediction of canopy climate (Fig 1) proposed by INouE was applied to elucidate the main causes of differences in spikelet sterility at two locations. Numerical experiment by this model were conducted during the period from July 16 to 18 in 1980. During this time the Okhotsk Sea-anticyclone spread southwestward covering the northern part of Japan and had a strong influence on the weather conditions and rice growth in this area. The results of the numerical experiments were summerized as follows: 1. Using the observed meteorological conditions (Fig. 3), the effect of solar radiation on the temperature of the air, leaf and flood water in the rice canopy was simulated by our model (Fig. 4 and 5). Although the degree of chilliness above the rice canopies defined by Σ (20-Ta) was approximately the same at both locations, the air and leaf temperatures at the height of the young panicles in the rice canopy were lower at Takizawa than those at Kuroishi. Therefore the degree of chilliness of young panicles was estimated to be about twice greater at Takizawa than at Kuroishi (Table 2). This correlation suggests that the difference in spikelet sterility was mainly due to the difference in the temperatures of young panicles in the rice canopy. 2. The simulation results indicate that irrigation with a 20 cm deep flood improves canopy climate in cool weather conditions (Fig. 6 and 7). Rice plants grown in most parts of Japan can be protected from severe sterility due to low temperature at the booting stage, if the paddy fields are irrigated with a 20 cm deep flood during the cool period at the booting stage of the rice plants. 3. The net photosynthesis at Kuroishi was estimated at about 2.5 time as large as that at Takizawa (Table 3) reflecting the difference of solar radiation. 4. The model for the prediction of canopy climate was proved to be applicable for the precise evaluation of effect or micrometeorological conditions in the rice canopy.