Can progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities be resumed? Results of a workshop sponsored by the Transportation Research Board, Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50).
Can progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities be resumed? Results of a workshop sponsored by the Transportation Research Board, Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50).
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减少酒后驾驶死亡人数能否恢复进展？
DOI：
10.1080/15389588.2016.1157592
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Hedlund,James
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fell,JamesC;Beirness,DouglasJ;Voas,RobertB;Smith,GordonS;Jonah,Brian;Maxwell,JaneCarlisle;Price,Jana;Hedlund,James
目的：尽管在20世纪80年代和90年代初取得了成功，但近年来美国在减少受损驾驶死亡方面的进展停滞不前。自1997年以来，涉及非法血液酒精浓度(BAC)的致命撞车事故的司机百分比一直保持在约20%至22%。许多专家认为，公众的自满情绪、相互竞争的社会和公共卫生问题以及缺乏政治毅力都是造成这种停滞的原因之一。与酒精相关的撞车、受伤和死亡的数量仍然是不可接受的，而且大多数是可以预防的。公众需要意识到，酒后驾车带来的问题并没有得到解决。政治领导人需要指导哪些措施将影响这个问题，利益相关者需要再次被激励来实施有效的策略。方法：美国国家科学院(NAS)交通研究委员会(TRB)、酒精、其他药物和交通委员会(ANB50)于2015年8月24-25日在马萨诸塞州伍兹霍尔的NAS设施举办了一个研讨会，讨论在减少受损驾驶方面缺乏进展的问题，并对未来的进展提出建议。共有26名与酒后驾驶有关的研究和政策方面的专家参加了讲习班。研讨会首先考察了酒后驾车致死撞车事故发生率的静态情况，以确定哪些因素可能阻碍了进一步的进展。研讨会随后讨论了在美国尚未完全实施的8项有效战略。结果：3个策略得到了最多的支持：1.对BAC=0.05至0.08 g/dL的司机实施行政处罚；2.要求所有酒精受损驾车者使用酒精点火互锁装置。3.增加清醒检查点的频率，包括在目前禁止饮酒的11个州立法允许它们。5.其他重要策略包括：(1)提高酒精税以提高价格和减少酒精消费；(2)重新动员公众，提高对不良驾驶的优先地位；(3)将违法行为本身的BAC下限降至0.05；(4)开发和实施车载酒精检测系统；(5)扩大筛查和简单干预在医疗设施中的使用。结论：这些策略都被证明是有效的，但都严重未得到充分利用。每一种都在美国或加拿大的一些司法管辖区使用，但没有一种被广泛使用。在广泛实施的三种策略中，任何一种都可以减少受损的驾驶事故、受伤和死亡。根据这项研究，这三项加在一起将对这个问题产生重大影响。
Objective:Despite successes in the 1980s and early 1990s, progress in reducing impaired driving fatalities in the United States has stagnated in recent years. Since 1997, the percentage of drivers involved in fatal crashes with illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels has remained at approximately 20 to 22%. Many experts believe that public complacency, competing social and public health issues, and the lack of political fortitude have all contributed to this stagnation. The number of alcohol-related crashes, injuries, and fatalities is still unacceptable, and most are preventable. The public needs to be aware that the problem presented by drinking drivers has not been solved. Political leaders need guidance on which measures will affect the problem, and stakeholders need to be motivated once again to implement effective strategies.Methods:The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Transportation Research Board (TRB), Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50) sponsored a workshop held at the NAS facility in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on August 24–25, 2015, to discuss the lack of progress in reducing impaired driving and to make recommendations for future progress. A total of 26 experts in research and policy related to alcohol-impaired driving participated in the workshop. The workshop began by examining the static situation in the rate of alcohol-impaired driving fatal crashes to determine what factors may be inhibiting further progress. The workshop then discussed 8 effective strategies that have not been fully implemented in the United States. Workshop participants (16 of the 26) rated their top 3 strategies.Results:3 strategies received the most support:1.Impose administrative sanctions for drivers with BACs = 0.05 to 0.08 g/dL.2.Require alcohol ignition interlocks for all alcohol-impaired driving offenders.3.Increase the frequency of sobriety checkpoints, including enacting legislation to allow them in the 11 states that currently prohibit them.5 other important strategies included the following: (1) increase alcohol taxes to raise the price and reduce alcohol consumption; (2) reengage the public and raise the priority of impaired driving; (3) lower the illegal per se BAC limit to 0.05 for a criminal offense; (4) develop and implement in-vehicle alcohol detection systems; and (5) expand the use of screening and brief interventions in medical facilities.Conclusions:Each of these strategies is proven to be effective, yet all are substantially underutilized. Each is used in some jurisdictions in the United States or Canada, but none is used extensively. Any one of the 3 strategies implemented on a widespread basis would decrease impaired driving crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Based on the research, all 3 together would have a substantial impact on the problem.