Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.045
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发表时间：
2007-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Kannan, Kurunthachalam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Loganathan, Bommanna G.;Sajwan, Kenneth S.;Kannan, Kurunthachalam
城市污水处理厂（WWTPs）的废水排放是将某些有机污染物引入水生环境的途径。早期的研究报告了污水处理厂流出物中的全氟化合物。在这项研究中，全氟化合物（PFCs），包括全氟烷基磺酸盐（PFASs; PFOS，PFOSA，PFHxS）和全氟烷基羧酸盐（PFACs; PFOA，PFNA，PFDA，PFDoDA，PFUnDA）的污染概况，在不同的季节收集的废水处理的不同阶段的样品进行了测定。本研究选择的两个污水处理厂代表农村（工厂A，肯塔基州）和城市（工厂B，格鲁吉亚）地区。全氟辛烷磺酸是A工厂样本中的主要污染物（固体样本中为8.2-990纳克/克干重，水样中为7.0-149纳克/升），其次是全氟辛酸（固体样本中为8.3-219纳克/克干重，水样中为22-334纳克/升）。全氟辛酸是工厂B样本中的主要污染物（固体样本中为7.0-130纳克/克干重，水样中为1-227纳克/升），其次是全氟辛烷磺酸（固体样本中< 2.5-77纳克/克干重，水样中为1.8-22纳克/升）。在大多数样品中检测到PFHxS、PFNA、PFDA和PFOSA，而在极少数样品中检测到PFUnDA和PFDoDA。一些全氟化学品的浓度，特别是全氟辛酸，略高于在流入的污水，这表明，生物降解的一些前体有助于在污水处理过程中的全氟辛酸浓度的增加。没有发现大幅度的季节变化的浓度，虽然质量流量的PFCs是在冬季高于夏季。总的来说，来自肯塔基州农村工厂的样本比来自格鲁吉亚城市工厂的样本含有更高浓度的全氟碳化物。焚烧污泥可显著降低全氟化学品的含量。这两个工厂的全氟化学品质量流量为几百毫克/天，与先前报告的流量值相当。(c)2007爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Discharge of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a route for the introduction of certain organic contaminants into aquatic environments. Earlier studies have reported the occurrence of perfluorochernicals in effluents from WWTPs. In this study, contamination profiles of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), including perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs; PFOS, PFOSA, PFHxS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFACs; PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFDoDA, PFUnDA), were determined in samples collected at various stages of wastewater treatment during different seasons. The two WWTPs selected for this study represent rural (Plant A, Kentucky) and urban (Plant B, Georgia) areas. PFOS was a major contaminant in samples from Plant A (8.2-990 ng/g dry wt in solid samples and 7.0-149 ng/L in aqueous samples), followed by PFOA (8.3-219 ng/g dry wt in solid samples and 22-334 ng/L in aqueous samples). PFOA was the predominant contaminant in samples from Plant B (7.0-130 ng/g dry wt in solid samples and 1-227 ng/L in aqueous samples), followed by PFOS (< 2.5-77 ng/g dry wt in solid samples and 1.8-22 ng/L in aqueous samples). PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFOSA were detected in most of the samples, whereas PFUnDA and PFDoDA were detected in very few samples. Concentrations of some PFCs, particularly PFOA, were slightly higher in effluent than in influent, suggesting that biodegradation of some precursors contributes to the increase in PFOA concentrations in wastewater treatment processes. No large-magnitude seasonal variations in concentrations were found, although mass flow of PFCs was higher in winter than in summer. In general, samples from the rural plant in Kentucky contained greater concentrations of PFCs than did those from the urban plant in Georgia. Incineration of sludge reduced the PFC levels significantly. The mass flows of PFCs in these two plants were several hundreds of mg/day, comparable to flow values reported earlier. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.