Sunken WWII shipwrecks of the Pacific and East Asia: The need for regional collaboration to address the potential marine pollution threat
Sunken WWII shipwrecks of the Pacific and East Asia: The need for regional collaboration to address the potential marine pollution threat
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.011
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Nawadra, Sefanaia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Monfils, Rean;Gilbert, Trevor;Nawadra, Sefanaia
第二次世界大战(WWII)沉没的军舰和商船上的石油、化学品和未爆炸条例对太平洋和东亚国家构成了真正和重大的海洋污染风险。南太平洋区域环境方案(SPREP)最近通过其太平洋污染预防方案开展的一个项目突出了二战中失踪船只对成员国政府构成的风险程度。其中一些船只已经开始将燃油和货物泄漏到太平洋环礁脆弱的环境中。在密克罗尼西亚联邦乌利利湖沉没的USS Mississinewa号油轮的漏油事件将被作为该地区与二战沉船相关的问题的一个例子。SPREP成员制定并批准了一项区域二战沉船战略，作为这项工作的一部分，该计划对二战沉船进行了初步的风险评估。这导致开发了一个地理信息系统数据库，其中详细说明了在太平洋和东亚失踪的3800多艘船只的类型、吨位和位置。太平洋第二次世界大战沉船数据库虽然不完整，但总共有1300多万吨沉船--从航空母舰到战舰，包括330多艘油轮和油轮。由于二战期间失踪的船只有很大一部分在东亚-太平洋海域，区域环境机构及其受影响的成员国政府之间需要建立密切合作，以应对海洋污染风险的规模。复杂的海洋管辖权问题，以及对经济禁区的重叠主张和该地区海洋环境的相互关系，也突显了在多边基础上解决这一问题的必要性。本文旨在强调二战沉船对太平洋和东亚地区渔业、海洋和沿海资源构成的风险程度，以及太平洋二战沉船的所有权和责任问题。(C)2006爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Oil, chemicals and unexploded ordinances onboard sunken World War II (WWII) warships and merchant vessels pose a real and significant marine pollution risk to the nations of the Pacific and East Asia. A recent project of the South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), through its Pacific Ocean Pollution Prevention Program, has highlighted the extent of the risk posed by vessels lost in WWII to Member Governments. Some of these vessels have already begun to leak fuel oil and cargo into the fragile environment of the Pacific atolls. The oil spills from the oil tanker USS Mississinewa sunk in Ulithi Lagoon, Federated States of Micronesia, will be used as an example of the problems associated with WWII wrecks in the region.A Regional WWII Wreck Strategy was formulated and endorsed by the Members of SPREP, and a preliminary risk assessment of WWII shipwrecks was carried out by the program, as part of this exercise. This led to the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) database, which details the types of ships, the tonnage and location of over 3800 vessels lost in the Pacific and East Asia. Although not complete, the Pacific WWII Shipwreck Database totals over 13 million tons of sunken vessels-ranging from aircraft carriers to battleships and including over 330 tankers and oilers.As a major proportion of vessels lost during WWII rest in the East Asian-Pacific sea area, close collaboration needs to be established between the regional environmental bodies and their affected Member Governments to address the scale of marine pollution risk. Complex maritime jurisdictional issues, along with overlapping claims on Economic Exclusion Zones and the interrelationships of the marine environments in the region, also underscore the need to address the issue on a multilateral basis.This paper aims to highlight the extent of the risks posed by sunken WWII vessels to fisheries, marine and coastal resources of the Pacific and East Asian regions, as well as the issues of ownership and responsibility for the WWII shipwrecks of the Pacific. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.