The biomarker guide, volumes 1 & 2
The biomarker guide, volumes 1 & 2
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生物标志物指南，第 1 卷
DOI：
10.1002/gea.20118
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
W. C. Johnson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. C. Johnson
公司。第一卷的标题是环境和人类历史中的生物标志物和同位素；第 2 卷的标题是《石油和地球历史中的生物标志物和同位素》。由于各卷可以单独购买，因此两卷中都重复了术语表，第 i-xvii 页也是如此（除了内容列表是唯一的），并且每卷的参考文献和索引列表都是唯一的。作者指出他们的目的（第 xvi 页）是“全面讨论生物标志物的基本原理、它们与其他参数的关系，以及它们在石油源岩、储层和环境中有机质的成熟度、相关性、源输入、沉积环境和生物降解研究中的应用。”明确指出，这些卷的目的不是提供原始生物标志物数据解释的培训，而是提供有关各种生物标志物参数及其使用选择的简洁信息的唯一来源。总体而言，他们希望该指南能够传达生物标记地球化学这一相对较新领域的令人兴奋和动态的本质。生物标记是生物标记的缩写，被定义为由碳、氢和其他元素组成的复杂有机化合物，即使在很长一段时间内，其与生物体中的母体有机分子相比也几乎没有或没有结构变化。这种在沉积和成岩作用过程中对生物降解的抵抗力使生物标志物成为一种强大的地球化学工具。作为复杂的分子产物，这些物质源自过去植物和动物的生化成分（例如脂质）。值得注意的是，医学和毒理学中使用的术语“生物标志物”不应被认为与其在地球化学中的使用同义；这些其他用法更广泛且定义不同。一开始就很清楚，本指南重点关注石油地球化学，但它的属性使其对任何对生物标记领域感兴趣或工作的人都有吸引力。第一卷尤其如此，它提供了基本原理和分析技术，重点是在环境和人类历史中的应用。显然，在这两本书中，这是与考古学家和地质考古学家相关的书。此外，该书具有广泛的吸引力：地质学家（包括第四纪类型）、生物地球化学家、环境科学家、地球化学家以及石油地球化学家将从所提供的信息中受益。第 1 卷包含前 11 章（共 19 章）。第一章“有机物质的起源和保存”是生物标志物、生命领域、生产力和碳循环的入门读物。讨论了影响生物标志物分布、保存和改变的因素，包括有机物类型、氧化还原电位、生物扰动（有氧沉积与缺氧沉积）、颗粒大小和沉降速率。虽然本章不只关注石油，但通过将讨论限制在产油湖泊和海洋环境，隐含地讨论了这一领域。第二章“有机化学”是另一本入门读物，向读者介绍或刷新化学基础知识，包括结构符号和命名法。因此，重点是碳及其与氢的键以及基本结构单元，例如烷烃（又名饱和烃，石蜡）、烯烃（烯烃）和异戊二烯（大多数生物标志物中的基本结构单元）。接下来，第 3 章“生物标记物的生物化学”总结了生物标记物的生化起源，首先讨论了脂质（即油溶性、水不溶性有机化合物、
Company. Volume 1 is entitled Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History; Volume 2 is entitled Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum and Earth History. Because the volumes can be purchased separately, the glossary is repeated in both volumes, as are pages i–xvii (except the list of contents is unique), with the list of references and index unique to each volume. The authors state their purpose (p. xvi) as providing a “comprehensive discussion of the basic principles of biomarkers, their relationships with other parameters, and their applications to studies of maturation, correlation, source input, depositional environment, and biodegradation of the organic matter in petroleum source rocks, reservoirs, and the environment.” It is clearly stated that the intent of the volumes is not to provide training in the interpretation of raw biomarker data but to supply a sole source of concise information on the various biomarker parameters and their selection for use. Overall, they hope the guide will convey the excitement and dynamic nature of this relatively new realm of biomarker geochemistry.Biomarker, short for biological marker, is defined as a complex organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements, which show little or no structural change from parent organic molecules in living organisms, even over long periods. This resistance to biodegradation during sedimentation and diagenesis makes biomarkers a powerful geochemical tool. As complex molecular artifacts, these substances originate from the biochemical constituents (eg, lipids) of past plants and animals. It is worth noting that the term “biomarker” as used in medicine and in toxicology is not to be considered synonymous with its use in geochemistry; these other usages are broader and defined differently. It is clear at the outset that this guide focuses on the geochemistry of petroleum, but it has attributes that make it attractive to anyone interested in or working in the realm of biomarkers. This is particularly true of Volume 1, which provides basic principles and analytical techniques, with a focus on applications to the environment and human history. Clearly, of the two, this is the volume of relevance to the archaeologist and geoarchaeologist. Moreover, the volume has a broad spectrum of appeal: geologists (including Quaternary types), biogeochemists, environmental scientists, and geochemists, as well as petroleum geochemists, will benefit from the information presented. Volume 1 contains the first 11 chapters (19 chapters total). Chapter 1,“Origin and Preservation of Organic Matter,” is a primer on biomarkers, domains of life, productivity, and the carbon cycle. Factors affecting the distribution, preservation, and alteration of biomarkers are discussed, including types of organic matter, redox potential, bioturbation (oxic vs. anoxic deposition), grain size, and sedimentation rate. Although not focused exclusively on petroleum, this chapter implicitly addresses this realm by limiting discussion to the petroleum-producing lacustrine and marine environments. Chapter 2,“Organic Chemistry,” is another primer that introduces or refreshes the reader in the chemical underpinnings, including structural notation and nomenclature. Accordingly, the focus is on carbon and its bonds with hydrogen and on the basic structural units, such as alkanes (aka saturated hydrocarbons, paraffin), alkenes (olefin), and isoprene (a basic structural unit in most biomarkers). Next, chapter 3,“Biochemistry of Biomarkers,” summarizes the biochemical origins of biomarkers, starting appropriately with a discussion of lipids (ie, oil-soluble, water-insoluble organic compounds,