Jumping mechanisms in dictyopharid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Dicytyopharidae)
Jumping mechanisms in dictyopharid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Dicytyopharidae)
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.093476
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发表时间：
2014-02-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Burrows, Malcolm
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Burrows, Malcolm
利用高速摄影技术对来自欧洲、南非和澳大利亚的网翅蝗科四种半翅目昆虫的跳跃行为进行了分析。在所有的身体形状的特点是一个细长和锥形的头部，给人一种流线型的外观。体长6 ~ 9 mm，体重6 ~ 23 mg。后腿占体长的80-90%，比前腿长30-50%，除了一个物种的前腿特别大，所以所有的腿都差不多长。跳跃是由两条后腿的转子快速和同时下压推动的，由胸部的大肌肉提供动力，并伴随着胫骨的伸展。在最好的跳跃中，定义为具有最快起飞速度的那些，Engela minuta在1.2 ms内加速到5.8 m s（-1）的起飞速度，这是迄今为止描述的任何昆虫达到的最快速度。在这样的跳跃中，E。minuta经历了4830 m s（-2）或490 g的加速度，而同一家族中的其他物种经历了225-375 g。在所有物种中，最好的跳跃需要76-225 μ J的能量消耗，12-80 mW的功率输出和12-29 mN的力。单位质量的跳跃肌肉所需的功率输出范围为28，000至140，200 W kg（-1）肌肉，因此大大超过了正常肌肉的最大主动收缩极限。要达到这种跳跃的效果，这些昆虫一定是利用了力量放大机制，做出了类似于弹射的动作。有人建议，他们的流线型身体形状提高跳跃性能，减少阻力，这对于一个小昆虫，可以大大影响前进的势头。
The jumping performance of four species of hemipterans belonging to the family Dictyopharidae, from Europe, South Africa and Australia, were analysed from high-speed images. The body shape in all was characterised by an elongated and tapering head that gave a streamlined appearance. The body size ranged from 6 to 9 mm in length and from 6 to 23 mg in mass. The hind legs were 80-90% of body length and 30-50% longer than the front legs, except in one species in which the front legs were particularly large so that all legs were of similar length. Jumping was propelled by rapid and simultaneous depression of the trochantera of both hind legs, powered by large muscles in the thorax, and was accompanied by extension of the tibiae. In the best jumps, defined as those with the fastest take-off velocity, Engela minuta accelerated in 1.2 ms to a take-off velocity of 5.8 m s(-1), which is the fastest achieved by any insect described to date. During such a jump, E. minuta experienced an acceleration of 4830 m s(-2) or 490 g, while other species in the same family experienced 225-375 g. The best jumps in all species required an energy expenditure of 76-225 mu J, a power output of 12-80 mW and exerted a force of 12-29 mN. The required power output per mass of jumping muscle ranged from 28,000 to 140,200 W kg(-1) muscle and thus greatly exceeded the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. To achieve such a jumping performance, these insects must be using a power amplification mechanism in a catapult-like action. It is suggested that their streamlined body shape improves jumping performance by reducing drag, which, for a small insect, can substantially affect forward momentum.