Developmental Tasks as a Framework to Study Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age
Developmental Tasks as a Framework to Study Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age
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DOI：
10.1002/per.1959
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发表时间：
2014-05-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Specht, Jule
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hutteman, Roos;Hennecke, Marie;Specht, Jule
研究一致表明，人格发展是一种终身现象，在所有生命阶段都会发生平均水平和等级顺序的变化。在特定的生命阶段发生了什么，可以解释这些发展模式？在本文中，我们回顾文献联系人格发展在不同阶段的成年与这些阶段的发展任务。在以前工作的基础上，我们描述了几类存在于成年各个阶段的发展任务。然而，这些类别中的具体任务在整个成年期发生变化，从成年早期建立新的社会角色，到成年中期维持这些角色，并防止老年时的损失。这一轨迹反映在人格的平均水平变化上，这表明在成年早期和中期，人们会变得更加成熟（社会支配力、忠诚度和情绪稳定性的增加），但在生命的尽头，这种成熟程度就不那么高了。重要的是，发展任务不仅与平均水平的变化有关，而且人们处理这些任务的方式也与人格的等级顺序变化有关。我们对未来的研究进行了展望，探讨历史时间对发展任务规范性的影响如何反映在人格发展中。版权所有（C）2014欧洲人格心理学协会
Research consistently shows that personality development is a lifelong phenomenon, with mean-level and rank-order changes occurring in all life phases. What happens during specific life phases that can explain these developmental patterns? In the present paper, we review literature linking personality development in different phases of adulthood to developmental tasks associated with these phases. Building on previous work, we describe several categories of developmental tasks that are present in all phases of adulthood. However, the specific tasks within these categories change across adulthood from establishing new social roles in early adulthood to maintaining them in middle adulthood and preventing losses in old age. This trajectory is reflected in mean-level changes in personality, which indicates development towards greater maturity (increases in social dominance, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) in early and middle adulthood, but less so at the end of life. Importantly, developmental tasks are not only associated with mean-level changes, but the way in which people deal with these tasks is also related to rank-order changes in personality. We provide an outlook for future research on how the influence of historical time on the normativeness of developmental tasks might be reflected in personality development. Copyright (C) 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology