Assessment of North American arthropod collections: prospects and challenges for addressing biodiversity research
Assessment of North American arthropod collections: prospects and challenges for addressing biodiversity research
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DOI：
10.7717/peerj.8086
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发表时间：
2019-11-25
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Kawahara, Akito Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cobb, Neil S.;Gall, Lawrence F.;Kawahara, Akito Y.
超过3亿的节肢动物标本被安置在北美自然历史收藏中。这些收藏代表了生物多样性的“巨大的隐藏宝库”-95%的标本标签数据尚未转录用于研究，只有不到2%的标本已经成像。样本标签包含确定物种随时间分布的关键信息，对于了解生态和进化模式至关重要，这将有助于评估全球变化影响导致的日益严重的生物多样性危机。标本图像为分析生物多样性的特征、生态和系统发育模式提供了不可或缺的见解和数据。在这里，我们回顾了北美节肢动物收藏使用两个关键指标，标本持有和数字化的努力，以评估收集提供所需的生物多样性数据的潜力。我们包括来自北美的223个节肢动物集合的数据，重点是美国。我们的具体发现如下：（1）北美自然历史收藏品（88%）和标本（89%）大多位于美国。就其估计的生物多样性而言，加拿大拥有与美国相当的生物多样性。墨西哥在数字化方面取得了最大的进展，但其标本持有量应增加，以反映估计较高的墨西哥节肢动物多样性。与脊索动物和植物相比，北美已数字化的馆藏比例以及每个物种可用的数字记录数量都要低得多。(2)美国国家科学基金会长达十年的ADBC计划（推进生物收藏品数字化）在促进节肢动物数字化方面具有变革性。然而，即使这个项目成为永久性的，以目前的速度，到2050年，只有38%的现有节肢动物标本将被数字化，不到1%的标本将有相关的数字图像。(3)在过去的30年里，收藏的标本数量每年增加约1%。我们建议，这种增长率是不够的，以提供足够的数据，以解决生物多样性研究的需要，节肢动物标本采集的目标应该是三倍的新标本采集率。(4)我们在美国调查的藏品在许多指标上存在很大差异。总的来说，有深度和广度，较小的收藏提供区域深度，较大的收藏提供更大的全球覆盖面。(5)博物馆之间需要加强协调，以便数字化工作能够针对研究和保护目标的分类群，并解决长期的数据需求。提出了两项关键建议：收集应大大增加其标本持有量和数字化努力，以增强大陆和全球生物多样性数据管道的能力，并刺激下游研究。
Over 300 million arthropod specimens are housed in North American natural history collections. These collections represent a "vast hidden treasure trove'' of biodiversity -95% of the specimen label data have yet to be transcribed for research, and less than 2% of the specimens have been imaged. Specimen labels contain crucial information to determine species distributions over time and are essential for understanding patterns of ecology and evolution, which will help assess the growing biodiversity crisis driven by global change impacts. Specimen images offer indispensable insight and data for analyses of traits, and ecological and phylogenetic patterns of biodiversity. Here, we review North American arthropod collections using two key metrics, specimen holdings and digitization efforts, to assess the potential for collections to provide needed biodiversity data. We include data from 223 arthropod collections in North America, with an emphasis on the United States. Our specific findings are as follows: (1) The majority of North American natural history collections (88%) and specimens (89%) are located in the United States. Canada has comparable holdings to the United States relative to its estimated biodiversity. Mexico has made the furthest progress in terms of digitization, but its specimen holdings should be increased to reflect the estimated higher Mexican arthropod diversity. The proportion of North American collections that has been digitized, and the number of digital records available per species, are both much lower for arthropods when compared to chordates and plants. (2) The National Science Foundation's decade-long ADBC program (Advancing Digitization of Biological Collections) has been transformational in promoting arthropod digitization. However, even if this program became permanent, at current rates, by the year 2050 only 38% of the existing arthropod specimens would be digitized, and less than 1% would have associated digital images. (3) The number of specimens in collections has increased by approximately 1% per year over the past 30 years. We propose that this rate of increase is insufficient to provide enough data to address biodiversity research needs, and that arthropod collections should aim to triple their rate of new specimen acquisition. (4) The collections we surveyed in the United States vary broadly in a number of indicators. Collectively, there is depth and breadth, with smaller collections providing regional depth and larger collections providing greater global coverage. (5) Increased coordination across museums is needed for digitization efforts to target taxa for research and conservation goals and address long-term data needs. Two key recommendations emerge: collections should significantly increase both their specimen holdings and their digitization efforts to empower continental and global biodiversity data pipelines, and stimulate downstream research.