The fate of the invertebrate collections of the North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853–1856
The fate of the invertebrate collections of the North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853–1856
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1853-1856 年北太平洋探险队无脊椎动物收藏品的命运
DOI：
10.3366/anh.1981.012
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发表时间：
1981
影响因子：
0.2
通讯作者：
R. Manning
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Deiss;R. Manning
1852年，美国国会拨款125,000美元，用于“建造或购买合适的船只，并在北太平洋白令海峡和中国海域进行海军和商业目的的调查和侦察，因为美国捕鲸船和贸易船只在美国和中国之间的航线上经常出没”（史密森学会年度报告，1854年：89）。这次探险被称为北太平洋探险，由卡德瓦拉德·林戈尔德指挥，他曾在1838年至1842年的美国探险探险中指挥过一艘船（也被称为威尔克斯探险）。二把手是约翰·罗杰斯中尉，他在海岸调查局工作了好几年，以同情科学的需要而闻名。威廉·斯廷普森（William Stimpson, 1832-1872）是美国最重要的无脊椎动物学家之一，他被选为探险队的首席动物学家。斯廷普森管理着一支科学队，他们收集了大量的自然历史标本，所有这些标本都被送到史密森学会，这是美国政府探险队收集的所有标本的官方储存库。这些收藏的东西，原来的箱和包加起来有一百多立方英尺，有脊椎动物八百四十六种，昆虫四百种，甲壳动物九百八十种，节动物二百个，软体动物二三百五十九种，辐射动物四百种。据估计，收集到的物种中有一半以上未被描述（史密森学会1856年年度报告：53）。这本书主要讲述的是在考察期间收集到的甲壳类动物的命运。斯廷普森被任命负责公布这次探险的结果，他于1856年来到史密森尼学会开始这项任务。许多科学家同意撰写有关他们专业的报告。斯廷普森同意研究除软体动物以外的所有无脊椎动物，软体动物被分配给A. A. Gould （Johnson, 1964）。撰写报告的工作一直持续到1861年美国内战爆发，该项目终止。包括斯廷普森在内的许多报告都已完成，但从未发表过。斯廷普森一直在史密森尼担任无脊椎动物收藏的馆长，直到1865年他离开史密森尼成为芝加哥科学院的秘书。在那里，他与斯宾塞·f·贝尔德和史密森学会保持着密切的关系，并继续撰写了几本关于甲壳类动物的专著。
In 1852 the United States Congress appropriated $125,000 for "building or pur chase of suitable vessels and for prosecuting a survey and reconnaissance for naval and commercial purposes of such parts of Behring Straits of the North Pacific Ocean, and the China Seas, as are frequented by American whale-ships, and by trading vessels in their routes between the United States and China" (Smithsonian Insti tution Annual Report, 1854: 89). This expedition became known as the North Pacific Exploring Expedition and was commanded by Cadwallader Ringgold, who had commanded one of the vessels in the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 (also known as the Wilkes Expedition). Second in command was Lieutenant John Rodgers, who had worked with the Coast Survey for several years and was known to be sympathetic to the needs of science. William Stimpson (1832—1872), one of America's foremost invertebrate zool ogists, was selected to be chief zoologist of the expedition. Stimpson oversaw a scientific corps that made immense collections of natural history specimens, all of which were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, the official repository for all speci mens collected on United States government expeditions. These collections, which totalled over 100 cubic feet in the original boxes and bales, included the following numbers of species: 846 vertebrates, 400 insects, 980 crustaceans, 200 annelids, 2,359 mollusks, and 400 radiates. It was estimated that over half of the species collected were undescribed (Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1856: 53). This account deals primarily with the fate of the crustaceans collected during the expedition. Stimpson was placed in charge of the publication of the results of the expedition, and he arrived at the Smithsonian in 1856 to begin this task. Many scientists agreed to produce the reports dealing with their specialties. Stimpson agreed to work on all of the invertebrates except the Mollusca, which were assigned to A. A. Gould (Johnson, 1964). Work continued on the reports until the project was terminated at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Many of the reports, including Stimpson's, were completed, but were never published. Stimpson remained at the Smithsonian as curator of the invertebrate collections until 1865 when he left to become Secretary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. While there he maintained his close relationship with Spencer F. Baird and the Smithsonian, and continued to work on several monographs treating the Crustacea.