Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton
Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icz082
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Cooper, Kimberly L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cooper, Kimberly L.
肢体骨骼比例的多样性使得行为的多样性显着，包括蝙蝠的动力飞行和鲸鱼的鳍状肢推进游泳，使用极端的一系列同源肢体结构。即使在人类的四肢中，骨骼长度从短的手指和脚趾骨到长的手臂和腿骨跨越超过一个数量级。然而，所有这些多样性都来自胚胎骨骼元素，它们在形成时大小非常相似。在这篇评论文章中，我调查什么是和尚未知道的发展和演变的骨骼比例在多层次的生物组织。这些包括软骨生长板中骨骼伸长的细胞参数，与差异生长相关的基因，以及允许前肢和后肢以及单个肢体节段的协变和独立进化的假定基因调控机制。虽然形成骨骼比例的遗传机制在很大程度上仍然是未知的，而且大多数已知的都仅限于哺乳动物，但越来越明显的是，骨骼长度的多样性是一个复杂系统的新兴特性，该系统使用所有人共享的遗传工具包来控制单个骨骼元素的伸长。
The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.