Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae
Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae
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现存主龙（鸟类和鳄鱼）面部结构的同源性，特别是鼻旁气动性和鼻甲
DOI：
10.1002/jmor.1052250304
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
L. Witmer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Witmer
在初龙类中，几乎所有面部解剖学的主要组成部分都是同源的，以解决眶前腔的功能，这是一个可以诊断的engimatic结构。提出的功能集中在它是一个外壳的腺体，肌肉，或鼻旁窦气窦。同源性是在现存的系统发育重建方法的背景下，重建灭绝生物的未保存的方面。面部解剖学和它的个体发育在现存的主龙类（鸟类和鳄鱼）中进行了研究，以确定每个软组织成分的骨骼学相关性;鸟类和鳄鱼之间的相似性包括同源性的相似性检验。同源性的一致性检验涉及到对这些骨骼特征的同源性相关的化石祖龙进行调查。现存的鸟类和鳄鱼的面部解剖详细检查，提供背景，并发现这些apomorphic方面，有助于这两个群体的分歧专业化，从而模糊同源性。鸟类在形态学上表现为眼球增大、鼻前庭扩大、上颌骨缩小，而鳄鱼的面部背腹扁平（由于鼻旋转）且拉长。主龙的大多数面部特征都可以证明是同源的，事实上，它们是更具包容性的群体的特征。特别强调的是鼻甲和鼻旁窦。在羊膜纲中，以下的耳甲结构是同源的，而所有其他的都是新形态：鸟类的尾甲、鳄鱼的耳甲+前耳甲、楔齿龙的尾甲、鳞状耳甲，以及可能是哺乳动物的嵴。鸟类的眶前鼻旁气窦与鳄鱼的凹鼻窦同源，而有胎盘哺乳动物的上颌窦与原始恐龙的鼻旁窦不同源。关于眶前腔的功能，祖龙拥有同源的鼻腺、翼背肌和鼻旁窦，但只有鼻旁窦的骨骼学相关性涉及眶前窗和窝。因此，眶前腔最好解释为主要是一个充气结构。© 1995 Wiley利斯公司
Homology of virtually all major components of facial anatomy is assessed in Archosauria in order to address the function of the antorbital cavity, an engimatic structure that is diagnostic for the group. Proposed functions center on its being a housing for a gland, a muscle, or a paranasal air sinus. Homology is approached in the context of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket method of reconstructing unpreserved aspects of extinct organisms. Facial anatomy and its ontogeny was studied in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) to determine the osteological correlates of each soft‐tissue component; resemblances between birds and crocodilians comprised the similarity test of homology. The congruence test of homology involved surveying phylogenetically relevant fossil archosaurs for these bony signatures. The facial anatomy of extant birds and crocodilians is examined in detail to provide background and to discover those apomorphic aspects that contribute to the divergent specialization of these two groups and thus obscure homologies. Birds apomorphically show enlarged eyeballs, expanded nasal vestibules, and reduced maxillae, whereas crocodilian faces are dorsoventrally flattened (due to nasal rotation) and elongated. Most facial attributes of archosaurs are demonstrably homologous and in fact characterize much more inclusive groups. Special emphasis has been placed on the nasal conchae and paranasal air sinuses. Within Amniota, the following conchal structures are homologous, and all others are neomorphs: Avian caudal concha, crocodilian concha + preconcha, Sphenodon caudal concha, squamate concha, and probably the mammalian crista semicircularis. The avian antorbital paranasal air sinus is homologous with the crocodilian caviconchal sinus; the maxillary sinus of placental mammals is not homologous with the archosaurian paranasal sinus. With regard to the function of the antorbital cavity, archosaurs possess homologous nasal glands, dorsal pterygoideus muscles, and paranasal air sinuses, but the osteological correlates of only the paranasal sinus involve the antorbital fenestrae and fossae. Thus, the antorbital cavity is best interpreted as principally a pneumatic structure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.