The physics of 3D printing with light
The physics of 3D printing with light
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DOI：
10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3
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发表时间：
2023-12
影响因子：
38.5
通讯作者：
P. Somers;Alexander Münchinger;Shoji Maruo;Christophe Moser;X. Xu;M. Wegener
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Somers;Alexander Münchinger;Shoji Maruo;Christophe Moser;X. Xu;M. Wegener
3D打印的目标是通过在称为体素的小体积元素中局部添加材料来实现复杂的3D结构-与通过蚀刻、铣削或机械加工连续减去材料形成对比。这一领域始于20世纪70年代基于光学的提议。要取得进展，需要在物理、化学、材料科学、激光科学和工程方面取得突破。本文综述了基于光学的方法的物理基础，包括干涉光刻、层析体积添加制造、立体光刻、连续液体界面打印、薄片打印、平行时空聚焦和(多)聚焦扫描。所讨论的光与物质的相互作用包括单光子、双光子、多光子或级联的非线性光学吸收过程，用于激发和受激辐射耗尽或激发态吸收，随后用于去激发的反向系间交叉。未来的物理挑战在于进一步提高三个指标：空间分辨率、体素创建速度和可用的不同材料属性的范围。工程上的挑战在于如何在紧凑、低成本和低能耗的仪器中实现这些指标，以及识别新的应用。
The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications.