DYNAMICS OF HIERARCHY FORMATION - THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS
DYNAMICS OF HIERARCHY FORMATION - THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS
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DOI：
10.1163/156853982x00364
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发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
CHASE, ID
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CHASE, ID
提出了一种研究支配等级形成过程中行为序列的方法。在3个个体（三合组）的群体中，形成前2种优势关系的4种可能顺序是通过指定第一种关系中的获胜者为最初的统治者，失败者为最初的从属者，而没有参与的动物为旁观者来描述的。虽然如果优势关系是随机形成的，每个序列的发生概率是相等的，但其中2个序列与其他2个序列相比，对经验共同线性和近线性层次的形成具有不同的含义。根据定义，线性和接近线性的层次结构由所有或几乎所有具有传递优势关系的三元组合（A优于B， B优于C和A优于C）组成，而远离线性的层次结构有许多具有非传递关系的三元组合（A优于B， B优于C和C优于A）。应用该方法对3、4组鸡的优势关系序列进行了分析。进一步的结果表明，非侵入性关系在构建的三重奏中很常见，其中鸡只作为成分对相遇，而在真正的三重奏中，所有三只鸡同时相遇。等级制度的形成可能最好被看作是一个发展过程，在这个过程中，先前的优势相互作用会影响后继的优势相互作用。这一观点被描述为等级形成的拼图模型，并与更经典的通过群体成员个体特征差异来解释等级结构的方法形成对比。除了鸡之外，许多物种形成了线性和接近线性的等级结构，并且假设双重优势（即最初的优势继续支配旁观者）和双重从属（即旁观者后来支配最初的从属）序列也构成了许多这些物种中大多数序列的出现。对其他物种的现有数据进行了审查；他们为这一假设提供了初步的支持。
A method for investigating the behavioral sequences used in forming dominance hierarchies is presented. The 4 possible sequences for the formation of the first 2 dominance relationships in groups of 3 individuals (triads) are described by designating the winner in the first relationship formed as the initial dominant, the loser as the initial subordinate, and the animal not involved as the bystander. Although each sequence has an equal probability of occurrence if dominance relationships are formed randomly, 2 of the sequences have different implications for the formation of the empirically common linear and near linear hierarchies than the other 2. Linear and near linear hierarchies are, by definition, composed of all or nearly all triads with transitive dominance relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C and A dominates C), while hierarchies far from linearity have many triads with intrasitive relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C and C dominates A). In an application of the method developed, sequences of dominance relationships formed in groups of 3 and 4 chickens were analyzed. A further set of results indicated that intrasitive relationships were common in constructed triads where chickens met only as component pairs and not in real triads where all 3 met together at the same time. Hierarchy formation probably is best viewed as a developmental process where preceding dominance interactions influence succeeding ones. This view was characterized as the jigsaw puzzle model of hierarchy formation, and it was contrasted with the more classical approach of explaining hierarchy structures by differences in the individual characteristics of group members. Many species beside chickens form linear and near linear hierarchies, and it was hypothesized that Double Dominance [wherein the initial dominant goes on to dominate the bystander] and Double Subordinance [wherein the bystander later dominates the initial subordinate] sequences also compose the majority of sequence occurrences in many of these species. The data available for other species were reviewed; they offer tentative support for the hypothesis.