New horizons in geomycology.
New horizons in geomycology.
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地球真菌学的新视野。
DOI：
10.1111/1758-2229.12480
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Gadd GM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gadd GM
地球真菌学可以简单地定义为真菌在与地质学相关的过程中的作用和重要性，因此是地球微生物学更广泛领域的一部分（Gadd，2010）。岩石和矿物的生物风化、金属转化、矿物形成和元素循环，所有这些都与矿质土壤的形成有关，是该类别下最明显的地球微生物过程。就真菌而言，它们作为有机物质的主要分解者的额外重要性强调了它们在主要元素（如 C、H、N、O、P、S 以及可能与有机物相关的所有其他元素）循环中的重要作用。大多数稳定元素可以在活生物体中找到，包括金属污染物，这些元素在分解过程中的释放可能导致与环境成分的进一步相互作用，从而导致矿物形成等。因此，地球微生物过程的有机成分和无机成分之间以及生命的需氧领域和厌氧领域之间存在明显的联系。这在地球微生物学中并不总是被认识到，对某些原核生物来说，“geo”前缀等同于化学营养和厌氧。虽然环境微生物学家普遍意识到真菌在有机物分解、植物生产力、食物腐败和生物恶化中的全球重要性，但对其在地球真菌学背景下的重要性却知之甚少。这个问题在地球微生物学中更加严重，因为对原核生物的过度关注导致了对真菌和藻类等主要真核生物群体的忽视。最近对微生物在主要生物圈过程中的作用进行如此狭隘理解的一个例子是在专门针对地球微生物学的《Elements》特别版中发现的，其中微生物甚至被定义为仅包含细菌和古细菌（Druschel 和 Kappler，2015），并且整个观点仅集中在这些生物体上。虽然这个问题的部分原因无疑是由于研究原核和真菌过程的不同科学界的分散和多样性造成的，但现在是时候让地真菌学作为一个重要且不可或缺的组成部分在地微生物学和地球科学中得到适当的关注了。同样明显的是，不同相关学科之间有必要进一步整合。根据定义，地球微生物学是跨学科的，需要微生物学家、地质学家、地球化学家、矿物学家等之间的互动，但在某些方面仍然存在一些明显的障碍。例如，《Elements》社论的一个部分对生命科学的贬义评论（“微生物学（或生物学）可能不是你最喜欢的学科。或者你可能在大学时害怕学习“生命科学”课程。即使生命科学不是你最喜欢的兴趣领域……”）。值得庆幸的是，智能地质界越来越认识到微生物的重要性，并且随着知识和学科间融合的发展，这种重要性必将增加。另一个重要的一点是，原核生物和真核生物通常是分开研究的，但在自然环境中很少发现没有细菌的真菌，反之亦然。
Geomycology can be simply defined as the roles and significance of fungi in processes of relevance to geology, and as such is part of the more general area of geomicrobiology (Gadd, 2010). Rock and mineral bioweathering, metal transformations, mineral formation, and cycling of the elements, all of which are involved in mineral soil formation, are the most obvious geomicrobial processes under this heading. In the case of fungi, their additional significance as major decomposers of organic material underlines their important role in the cycling of major elements such as C, H, N, O, P, S, as well all other elements that may be associated with organic matter. The majority of stable elements can be found in living organisms, including metal pollutants, and the release of these in decomposition can result in further interaction with environmental components resulting in mineral formation for example. There are therefore clear connections between organic and inorganic components of geomicrobial processes, and between the aerobic and anaerobic domains of life. This is not always appreciated in geomicrobiology where to some the “geo” prefix is equated with chemolithotrophy and anaerobiosis in certain prokaryotes.While environmental microbiologists are generally aware of the global significance of fungi in organic matter decomposition, plant productivity, food spoilage and biodeterioration, there is rather less awareness of their significance in a geomycological context. The problem is exacerbated in geomicrobiology where the preponderant attention given to prokaryotes has lead to neglect of major eukaryotic groups such as fungi and algae. A recent example of such a narrow appreciation of microbial roles in major biosphere processes is found in a special edition of Elements dedicated to geomicrobiology where microbes were even defined as solely comprising bacteria and archaea (Druschel and Kappler, 2015), and with the entire perspective solely concentrating on these organisms. While some of this problem is undoubtedly due to the fragmentation and diversity of the different scientific communities that study prokaryotic and fungal processes, it is about time that geomycology received proper attention within geomicrobiology and Earth sciences as a vital and integral component. It is also clear that further integration is necessary between the different relevant disciplines. Geomicrobiology is by definition interdisciplinary requiring interaction between microbiologists, geologists, geochemists, mineralogists etc., yet there are still some obvious barriers that remain in some quarters. Witness the pejorative comments about Life Sciences in a section of the Elements editorial for example (“Microbiology (or biology) may not be your favourite subject. Or maybe you dreaded taking “life science” courses while at the university. Even if life science is not your preferred area of interest……”). Thankfully, there is a growing realisation in intelligent geological circles that microbes are important and this is bound to increase as knowledge and integration between disciplines develops. Another important point is that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are generally studied separately yet in the natural environment fungi rarely are found without bacteria, and vice versa in
从环境微生物学到生态基因组学：发现真菌-细菌相互作用的新兴领域。
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
P. Bonfante
通讯作者：
P. Bonfante
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Druschel, Gregory K.;Kappler, Andreas
通讯作者：
Kappler, Andreas