Community Resilience Through Crisis At El Infiernito, Chiapas, A Fortified Refuge In The Upper Usumacinta Valley
Community Resilience Through Crisis At El Infiernito, Chiapas, A Fortified Refuge In The Upper Usumacinta Valley
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恰帕斯州 El Infiernito 的社区在危机中的恢复能力，这是乌苏马辛塔河谷上游的一个强化避难所
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
Whittaker Schroder
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作者：
Whittaker Schroder
崩溃被误解为等同于文明的消失，但政治分裂只是社会转型复杂过程的一个方面。包括复原力在内的其他概念有助于区分文化连续性和政治解体的影响。本研究从位于王朝中心或国家边缘的考古社区或哈姆雷特的层面来探讨这些主题。我提出了4个广泛的论点：1）崩溃和恢复力是不断变化的过程，最好理解为社会转型的不同方面，2）机构在崩溃和恢复力研究中的作用被低估，3）较低的精英和平民人口在这些政治动态中发挥作用，4）王朝中心和外围社区之间不断变化的关系是随着时间的推移而不是静态的。本研究的文化背景是在古典时期（公元250-900年）结束时，在南玛雅低地的政治转型，涉及，部分，政治分裂或崩溃。这个古典时期（公元250-900年）在玛雅地区崩溃的时间已经被王朝和附属中心的最后纪念碑上的长历法日期所告知。然而，考古学家指出，南部低地随后的人口下降是一个漫长的过程，在不同的次区域以不同的速度运行。我通过定居点调查和El Infiernito的挖掘，以中层或社区一级的办法解决这些问题，一个哈姆雷特，距离古典时期的王朝中心皮德拉斯内格拉斯及其附属盟友拉马尔大致相等。对埃尔因菲尔尼托社区的恢复至关重要的是重新占领了一个在原始古典时期首次修改的山顶（公元前100年-公元350年），以及建造和维护防御功能，以保护遗址，农业梯田和岩溶泉。进一步的策略包括建造C形长椅和生活空间的细分，祖先崇拜和其他家庭仪式，进入不断变化的贸易网络，以及控制进入仪式洞穴。因此，El Infiernito为Usumacinta盆地上游从终端经典到早期后经典时期的过渡提供了一个罕见的一瞥。学位类型博士学位名称哲学博士（PhD）研究生组人类学首席顾问理查德M。Leventhal
Collapse has been misunderstood to equate with the disappearance of civilizations, but political fragmentation is merely one aspect of the complex processes of social transformation. Other concepts, including resilience are useful to separate the effects of cultural continuity from political disintegration. This study approaches these topics from the level of an archaeological community or hamlet located at the periphery of a dynastic center or state. I present 4 broad arguments: 1) collapse and resilience are evolving processes best understood as different aspects of social transformation, 2) the role of agency in collapse and resilience studies is underappreciated, 3) lower elite and commoner populations play a role in these political dynamics, and 4) the changing relationship between dynastic centers and outlying communities is negotiated over time rather than static. The cultural context of this study is the political transformation at the end of the Classic period (AD 250–900) in the Southern Maya Lowlands that involved, in part, political fragmentation or collapse. The timing of this Classic period (AD 250–900) collapse in the Maya area has been informed by long count calendar dates on the final monuments of dynastic and subsidiary centers. However, archaeologists have noted that the subsequent demographic decline in the Southern Lowlands was a protracted process that operated at diverse rates across different subregions. I address these issues with a middle or community-level approach through settlement survey and the excavation of El Infiernito, a hamlet roughly equidistant from the Classic period dynastic center Piedras Negras and its subsidiary ally La Mar. Crucial to the resilience of the El Infiernito community was the reoccupation of a hilltop first modified during the Protoclassic period (100 BC–AD 350) and the construction and maintenance of defensive features to protect the site, agricultural terraces, and a karst spring. Further strategies involved the construction of C-shaped benches and subdivision of living space, ancestor veneration and other household rituals, accessing shifting trade networks, and controlling access to ritual caves. El Infiernito, therefore, provides a rare glimpse of the transition from the Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic periods in the Upper Usumacinta Basin. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Anthropology First Advisor Richard M. Leventhal