Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to land and freshwater.
Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to land and freshwater.
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DOI：
10.1039/c3em00641g
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发表时间：
2014-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Tipping;S. Benham;J. Boyle;P. Crow;J. Davies;Uwe Fischer;H. Guyatt;R. Helliwell;L. Jackson-Bla
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文献类型：
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作者：
E. Tipping;S. Benham;J. Boyle;P. Crow;J. Davies;Uwe Fischer;H. Guyatt;R. Helliwell;L. Jackson-Bla
我们汇编了已发表的和新获得的关于直接测量的大气沉积的总磷（TP）、过滤的总磷（FTP）和无机磷（PO 4-P）到开阔地、湖泊和海洋海岸的数据。由此产生的全局数据库包括c的数据。250个地点，涵盖1954年至2012年。大多数（82%）测量地点位于欧洲和北美，44个位于非洲，亚洲，大洋洲和中南美洲。沉积速率服从对数正态分布，TP、FTP和PO 4-P的几何平均沉积速率分别为0.027、0.019和0.14 g m（-2）a（-1）。在较小的尺度上，除了德国某些地点的高沉积率外，几乎没有系统的空间变化，这可能是由于当地的农业来源。在PO 4-P的情况下，确定以及其他形式的P之一，强烈的对数值之间的平行关系被发现。根据直接测量的沉积速率的土地，和公布的估计P沉积到海洋，我们估计每年总转移的P和从大气中的3.7 Tg。然而，较大颗粒（主要是初级生物气溶胶颗粒）中的大部分磷可能在其来源附近重新沉积，因此，如Mahowald等人的模拟所述，对热带森林、大面积泥炭地和海洋很重要的远距离迁移主要涉及来自沙漠和土壤的细尘（Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22，GB 4026，2008）。我们建议，当地释放到大气中，随后的沉积带来了伪扩散的景观中的P重新分配，与P-贫生态系统，例如，富营养泥炭地和贫营养湖泊，获得在牺牲的P-丰富的。简单的计算表明，大气传输可以带来显着的本地再分配的P陆地生态系统。虽然大多数大气运输的P是自然的起源，从施肥农田到P-贫生态系统的本地转移可能是显着的，这需要进一步的研究。
We compiled published and newly-obtained data on the directly-measured atmospheric deposition of total phosphorus (TP), filtered total phosphorus (FTP), and inorganic phosphorus (PO4-P) to open land, lakes, and marine coasts. The resulting global data base includes data for c. 250 sites, covering the period 1954 to 2012. Most (82%) of the measurement locations are in Europe and North America, with 44 in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South-Central America. The deposition rates are log-normally distributed, and for the whole data set the geometric mean deposition rates are 0.027, 0.019 and 0.14 g m(-2) a(-1) for TP, FTP and PO4-P respectively. At smaller scales there is little systematic spatial variation, except for high deposition rates at some sites in Germany, likely due to local agricultural sources. In cases for which PO4-P was determined as well as one of the other forms of P, strong parallels between logarithmic values were found. Based on the directly-measured deposition rates to land, and published estimates of P deposition to the oceans, we estimate a total annual transfer of P to and from the atmosphere of 3.7 Tg. However, much of the phosphorus in larger particles (principally primary biological aerosol particles) is probably redeposited near to its origin, so that long-range transport, important for tropical forests, large areas of peatland and the oceans, mainly involves fine dust from deserts and soils, as described by the simulations of Mahowald et al. (Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB4026, 2008). We suggest that local release to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition bring about a pseudo-diffusive redistribution of P in the landscape, with P-poor ecosystems, for example ombrotrophic peatlands and oligotrophic lakes, gaining at the expense of P-rich ones. Simple calculations suggest that atmospheric transport could bring about significant local redistribution of P among terrestrial ecosystems. Although most atmospherically transported P is natural in origin, local transfers from fertilised farmland to P-poor ecosystems may be significant, and this requires further research.