Disruption of a belowground mutualism alters interactions between plants and their floral visitors
Disruption of a belowground mutualism alters interactions between plants and their floral visitors
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DOI：
10.1890/07-0719.1
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发表时间：
2008-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Shore, Bryon H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cahill, James F., Jr.;Elle, Elizabeth;Shore, Bryon H.
植物与不相关的类群进行多样化且密切的相互作用。例如，地上。口腔访客提供授粉服务，而地下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）则增强养分捕获。传统上，在生态学中，这些过程是孤立研究的，这强化了普遍的假设，即这些地上和地下过程在功能上也是不同的。最近，人们越来越认识到土壤表面并不是许多生态相互作用的障碍，特别是那些涉及植物（同时生活在地上和地下）的生态相互作用。因为菌根和潜在的巨大影响。口头访问者可以了解植物的表现和群落动态，我们设计了一个实验来测试这些多物种互利共生在田间条件下是否相互依赖。我们使用广泛使用的杀菌剂苯菌灵抑制了原生草原中的 AMF，测量了三年真菌抑制后植物、真菌和花卉访客的反应。 AMF 压制导致了社区的转变。口访访客从体型较大的蜜蜂转向体型较小的蜜蜂和苍蝇，总数减少。在该地块中发现的 23 种开花物种中，每根花茎的口访次数占 67%。真菌抑制具有物种特异性的影响。对本实验中六种最常见的开花植物进行口头访问。探索性分析表明，这些结果是由于补丁级别改变导致口头访问者行为发生变化所致。口头展示，而不是通过直接影响AMF抑制。口腔形态。我们的研究结果表明，AMF 是一个重要但被忽视的驱动因素。口访者群落结构有可能影响授粉服务。这些结果支持越来越多的研究表明，生态相互作用之间的相互作用在自然条件下可以产生有意义的效应大小，并可能影响个体表现、种群动态和群落结构。
Plants engage in diverse and intimate interactions with unrelated taxa. For example, aboveground. oral visitors provide pollination services, while belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance nutrient capture. Traditionally in ecology, these processes were studied in isolation, reinforcing the prevailing assumption that these above- and belowground processes were also functionally distinct. More recently, there has been a growing realization that the soil surface is not a barrier to many ecological interactions, particularly those involving plants (who live simultaneously above and below ground). Because of the potentially large impact that mycorrhizae and. oral visitors can have on plant performance and community dynamics, we designed an experiment to test whether these multi-species mutualisms were interdependent under field conditions. Using benomyl, a widely used fungicide, we suppressed AMF in a native grassland, measuring plant, fungal, and floral-visitor responses after three years of fungal suppression. AMF suppression caused a shift in the community of. oral visitors from large-bodied bees to small-bodied bees and flies, and reduced the total number of. oral visits per flowering stem 67% across the 23 flowering species found in the plots. Fungal suppression has species-specific effects on. oral visits for the six most common flowering plants in this experiment. Exploratory analyses suggest these results were due to changes in. oral-visitor behavior due to altered patch-level. oral display, rather than through direct effects of AMF suppression on. oral morphology. Our findings indicate that AMF are an important, and overlooked, driver of. oral-visitor community structure with the potential to affect pollination services. These results support the growing body of research indicating that interactions among ecological interactions can be of meaningful effect size under natural field conditions and may influence individual performance, population dynamics, and community structure.