The dual impact of gender and the influence of timing of parenthood on men's and women's career development: Longitudinal findings
The dual impact of gender and the influence of timing of parenthood on men's and women's career development: Longitudinal findings
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DOI：
10.1177/0165025411398181
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发表时间：
2011-05-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Spurk, Daniel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Abele, Andrea E.;Spurk, Daniel
本研究调查了 1,015 名受过高等教育的专业人士的性别、与性别相关的自我概念（能动性和交流）以及为人父母的时机对客观职业成功的影响。从性别和职业相关过程的双重影响模型得出的假设在一项为期 10 年的五波纵向研究中进行了测试，该研究从参与者进入职业生涯开始。根据我们的假设，我们发现性别自我概念的公共成分对为人父母有影响，而代理成分影响女性和男性的工作时间和客观职业成功（工资、地位）。生育对女性的工作时间有直接的负面影响，对女性客观职业成功也有负面的间接影响。在观察期内，在职业生涯中生育第一个孩子的女性相对最不成功。男性的职业成功与父母身份无关。女性职业成功中 65% 的差异和男性职业成功中 33% 的差异可以通过此处分析的因素来解释。有伴侣全职工作的母亲比有伴侣不全职工作的母亲减少的工作时间更多。一项针对职业成功对成为父母的决定可能产生的反向影响的测试显示，对男性没有影响，但对女性的影响却模棱两可。我们的结论是，无论从外部性别角度（期望、性别角色）还是从内部角度（与性别相关的自我概念）来看，向父母身份的过渡仍然是女性职业发展的关键因素。
This study investigated the impact of gender, the gender-related self-concept (agency and communion), and the timing of parenthood on objective career success of 1,015 highly educated professionals. Hypotheses derived from a dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes were tested in a 5-wave longitudinal study over a time span of 10 years starting with participants' career entry. In line with our hypotheses we found that the communal component of the gender self-concept had an impact on parenthood, and the agentic component influenced work hours and objective career success (salary, status) of both women and men. Parenthood had a negative direct influence on women's work hours and a negative indirect influence on women's objective career success. Women who had their first child around career entry were relatively least successful over the observation period. Men's career success was independent of parenthood. Sixty-five percent of variance in women's career success and 33% of variance in men's career success was explained by the factors analyzed here. Mothers with partners working full time reduced their work hours more than mothers with partners not working full time. A test for a possible reverse influence of career success on the decision to become a parent revealed no effect for men and equivocal effects for women. We conclude that the transition to parenthood still is a crucial factor for women's career development both from an external gender perspective (expectations, gender roles) and from an internal perspective (gender-related self-concept).