Ecology of Cities and Towns: Light pollution and the impact of artificial night lighting on insects
Ecology of Cities and Towns: Light pollution and the impact of artificial night lighting on insects
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城镇生态：光污染和人工夜间照明对昆虫的影响
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Hänel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Eisenbeis;A. Hänel
城市环境的创造对世界各地的动物和昆虫产生了重大影响（Niemela等）。第二章;《卡特罗》第八章；尼隆，第十章；范德·里，第11章；自然原和桥本，第12章；Hochuli等人。，第13章；麦金太尔和兰戈，第14章)。近几十年来，景观和城市生态学家都面临着一个与城镇有关的新现象：“光污染”。Riegel（1973）首先将快速增长的户外照明描述为对天文学的威胁。天文学家需要在黑暗的天空条件下才能从天空背景中分辨出天文光源发出的微弱光，这是由于自然辉光（气辉、散射星光等）和地球大气中散射的人造光造成的。自从电灯发明以来，特别是自第二次世界大战以来，室外照明水平急剧提高，人类住区周围的自然黑暗几乎完全消失了。人造夜间照明产生的多余天窗从城市地区蔓延到人口较少的地区，产生了现代的天空光芒。这种新现象的主要原因是环境中人工照明的过度增长。它主要与人口增长、工业发展和经济日益繁荣有关，但也有向发光效率越来越高的灯具的技术转变。例如，老式白炽灯的光输出效率为10-20流明/瓦，而现代低压钠蒸气灯的光输出效率接近200流明/瓦。
Introduction The creation of urban environments has significant impacts on animals and insects throughout the world (Niemela et al .,Chapter 2; Catterall, Chapter 8; Nilon, Chapter 10; van der Ree, Chapter 11; Natuhara and Hashimoto, Chapter 12; Hochuli et al ., Chapter 13; McIntyre and Rango, Chapter 14). During recent decades both landscape and urban ecologists have been confronted with a new phenomenon associated with cities and towns: ‘light pollution’. Fast-growing outdoor lighting as a threat to astronomy was first described by Riegel (1973). Astronomers need dark sky conditions to discriminate the faint light of astronomical sources from the sky background, which is due to a natural glow (airglow, scattered star light, etc.) and artificial light scattered in the Earth's atmosphere. Since the invention of electric light and especially since World War II the outdoor lighting level has increased steeply and the natural darkness around human settlements has disappeared almost totally. Unwanted skylight produced by artificial night lighting is spreading from urban areas to less populated landscapes, generating a modern sky glow. The primary cause of this new phenomenon is the excessive growth of artificial lighting in the environment. It is related primarily to general population growth, industrial development and increasing economic prosperity, but there has also been a technical shift to lamps with higher and higher luminous efficiency. For example, the light output efficacy of an old-fashioned incandescent lamp is 10–20 lumens/watt and for a modern low-pressure sodium vapour lamp it is nearly 200 lumens/watt.