Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines
Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines
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DOI：
10.1177/0954407016657453
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发表时间：
2017-05
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
F. Leach;R. Stone;D. Fennell;Dave Hayden;D. Richardson;Nick Wicks
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作者：
F. Leach;R. Stone;D. Fennell;Dave Hayden;D. Richardson;Nick Wicks
开发了一种将燃料成分与颗粒物排放联系起来的指数（PN指数），并在这里使用单缸光学通道喷雾制导直喷发动机中的模型燃料进行评估；模型燃料对双键含量和挥发性具有独立的控制，如指数中所使用的。该指数在三种不同的发动机中进行了调查：单缸研究发动机，最近上市的V8发动机和目前生产的增压V6发动机。在这三种发动机上对许多市场汽油进行了测试，结果符合颗粒数指数预测的趋势。缸内喷雾的成像表明，模型燃料的组成影响混合物的均匀性及其颗粒物质排放；特别是，模型燃料成分中缺乏轻端可能导致误导性的低颗粒数排放，因为改进的混合物制备不具有市场燃料的代表性。在模拟新欧洲驾驶工况下，对捷豹路虎V6发动机5种不同燃油的PN指数进行了研究，结果表明该指数的变化趋势是一致的。对两种燃料的排放进行了评估，这两种燃料代表了欧盟5参考燃料规格，使用颗粒数指数来给出颗粒物质排放的差异。这些燃料的结果表明，在化学计量条件和丰富条件下，对于代表欧盟5参考燃料规格的两种燃料，可以看到颗粒数排放的差异约为2倍。这符合粒子数指数预测的趋势。这对政策制定者和欧盟立法具有重要意义，因为汽油车的颗粒数量排放现在首次受到监管，因为在现行立法下，燃料成分的批次差异将导致不同的测试结果。
An index which links the fuel composition to particulate matter emissions (the PN index) was developed and is here evaluated with model fuels in a single-cylinder optical-access spray-guided direct-injection engine; the model fuels have independent control of the double-bond content and volatility, as used in the index. This index is investigated in three different engines: a single-cylinder research engine, a V8 engine recently available in the market and a current-production supercharged V6 engine. A number of market gasolines were tested in all three engines, and the results follow the trends predicted by the particle number index. Imaging of the in-cylinder sprays shows that the composition of the model fuels affects the mixture homogeneity and their particulate matter emissions; in particular, the lack of a light end in the model fuel composition can lead to misleadingly low particle number emissions owing to improved mixture preparation which is unrepresentative of market fuels. The PN index was investigated in a Jaguar Land Rover V6 engine with five different fuels over a simulated New European Driving Cycle, and the results show that the index trends are followed. The emissions were evaluated from two fuels representing the EU5 reference-fuel specifications that has been developed using the particle number index to give a difference in particulate matter emissions. The results from these fuels show that a difference in the particle number emissions of a factor of about 2 can be seen at both stoichiometric conditions and rich conditions, for two fuels representative of the EU5 reference-fuel specifications. This follows trends predicted by the particle number index. This has important implications for policy makers and European Union legislation, where particle number emissions from gasoline vehicles are now regulated for the first time, as batch-to-batch variations in the fuel composition would result in different test results under the current legislation.